URL ( PR #544 )

Goals

The URL standard takes the following approach towards making URLs fully interoperable:

• Align RFC 3986 and RFC 3987 with contemporary implementations and obsolete them in the process. (E.g., spaces, other "illegal" code points, query encoding, equality, canonicalization, are all concepts not entirely shared, or defined.) URL parsing needs to become as solid as HTML parsing. [RFC3986] [RFC3987]

• Standardize on the term URL. URI and IRI are just confusing. In practice a single algorithm is used for both so keeping them distinct is not helping anyone. URL also easily wins the search result popularity contest .

• Supplanting Origin of a URI [sic] . [RFC6454]

• Define URL’s existing JavaScript API in full detail and add enhancements to make it easier to work with. Add a new URL object as well for URL manipulation without usage of HTML elements. (Useful for JavaScript worker environments.)

• Ensure the combination of parser, serializer, and API guarantee idempotence. For example, a non-failure result of a parse-then-serialize operation will not change with any further parse-then-serialize operations applied to it. Similarly, manipulating a non-failure result through the API will not change from applying any number of serialize-then-parse operations to it.

As the editors learn more about the subject matter the goals might increase in scope somewhat.

1. Infrastructure

This specification depends on the Infra Standard. [INFRA]

Some terms used in this specification are defined in the following standards and specifications:

• DOM Standard [DOM]
• Encoding Standard [ENCODING]
• File API [FILEAPI]
• HTML Standard [HTML]
• Media Source Extensions [MEDIA-SOURCE]
• Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing [UTS46]
• Web IDL [WEBIDL]

To serialize an integer , represent it as the shortest possible decimal number.

1.1. Writing

A validation error indicates a mismatch between input and valid input. User agents, especially conformance checkers, are encouraged to report them somewhere.

1.2. Parsers

The EOF code point is a conceptual code point that signifies the end of a string or code point stream.

A pointer for a string input is an integer that points to a code point within input . Initially it points to the start of input . If it is −1 it points nowhere. If it is greater than or equal to input ’s code point length , it points to the EOF code point .

When a pointer is used, c references the code point the pointer points to as long as it does not point nowhere. When the pointer points to nowhere c cannot be used.

When a pointer is used, remaining references the substring after c as long as c is not the EOF code point . When c is the EOF code point remaining cannot be used.

If " mailto:username@example " is a string being processed and a pointer points to @, c is U+0040 (@) and remaining is " example ".

If the empty string is being processed and a pointer points to the start and is then decreased by 1, using c or remaining would be an error.

1.3. Percent-encoded bytes

A percent-encoded byte is U+0025 (%), followed by two ASCII hex digits . Sequences of percent-encoded bytes , percent-decoded , should not cause UTF-8 decode without BOM or fail to return failure.

To percent-encode a byte byte , return a string consisting of U+0025 (%), followed by two ASCII upper hex digits representing byte .

To percent-decode a byte sequence input , run these steps:

Using anything but UTF-8 decode without BOM when input contains bytes that are not ASCII bytes might be insecure and is not recommended.

1. Let output be an empty byte sequence .

2. For each byte byte in input :

   1. If byte is not 0x25 (%), then append byte to output .

   2. Otherwise, if byte is 0x25 (%) and the next two bytes after byte in input are not in the ranges 0x30 (0) to 0x39 (9), 0x41 (A) to 0x46 (F), and 0x61 (a) to 0x66 (f), all inclusive, append byte to output .

   3. Otherwise:

      1. Let bytePoint be the two bytes after byte in input , decoded , and then interpreted as hexadecimal number.

      2. Append a byte whose value is bytePoint to output .

      3. Skip the next two bytes in input .

3. Return output .

To percent-decode a string input , run these steps:

1. Let bytes be the UTF-8 encoding of input .

2. Return the percent-decoding of bytes .

In general, percent-encoding results in a string with more U+0025 (%) code points than the input, and percent-decoding results in a byte sequence with less 0x25 (%) bytes than the input.

The C0 control percent-encode set are the C0 controls and all code points greater than U+007E (~).

The fragment percent-encode set is the C0 control percent-encode set and U+0020 SPACE, U+0022 ("), U+003C (<), U+003E (>), and U+0060 (`).

The query percent-encode set is the C0 control percent-encode set and U+0020 SPACE, U+0022 ("), U+0023 (#), U+003C (<), and U+003E (>).

The query percent-encode set cannot be defined in terms of the fragment percent-encode set due to the omission of U+0060 (`).

The special-query percent-encode set is the query percent-encode set and U+0027 (').

The path percent-encode set is the query percent-encode set and U+003F (?), U+0060 (`), U+007B ({), and U+007D (}).

The userinfo percent-encode set is the path percent-encode set and U+002F (/), U+003A (:), U+003B (;), U+003D (=), U+0040 (@), U+005B ([) to U+005E (^), inclusive, and U+007C (|).

The component percent-encode set is the userinfo percent-encode set and U+0024 ($) to U+0026 (&), inclusive, U+002B (+), and U+002C (,).

This is used by HTML for registerProtocolHandler() , and could also be used by other standards to percent-encode data that can then be embedded in a URL ’s path , query , or fragment . Using it with UTF-8 percent-encode gives identical results to JavaScript’s encodeURIComponent() [sic] . [HTML] [ECMA-262]

The application/x-www-form-urlencoded percent-encode set is the component percent-encode set and U+0021 (!), U+0027 (') to U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS, inclusive, and U+007E (~).

The application/x-www-form-urlencoded percent-encode set contains all code points, except the ASCII alphanumeric , U+002A (*), U+002D (-), U+002E (.), and U+005F (_).

To percent-encode after encoding , given an encoding encoding , code point codePoint , and a percentEncodeSet , run these steps:

1. Let bytes be the result of encoding codePoint using encoding .

2. If bytes starts with 0x26 (&) 0x23 (#) and ends with 0x3B (;), then:

   1. Let output be bytes , isomorphic decoded .

   2. Replace the first two code points of output with " %26%23 ".

   3. Replace the last code point of output with " %3B ".

   4. Return output .

   This can happen when encoding is not UTF-8 .

3. Let output be the empty string.

4. For each byte of bytes :

   1. Let isomorph be a code point whose value is byte ’s value .

   2. Assert: percentEncodeSet includes all non- ASCII code points .

   3. If isomorph is not in percentEncodeSet , then append isomorph to output .

   4. Otherwise, percent-encode byte and append the result to output .

5. Return output .

To percent-encode after encoding , given an encoding encoding , string input , a percentEncodeSet , and a boolean spaceAsPlus , run these steps:

1. Let output be the empty string.

2. For each codePoint of input :

   1. If spaceAsPlus is true and codePoint is U+0020, then append U+002B (+) to output .

   2. Otherwise, run percent-encode after encoding with encoding , codePoint , and percentEncodeSet , and append the result to output .

3. Return output .

To UTF-8 percent-encode a code point codePoint using a percentEncodeSet , return the result of running percent-encode after encoding with UTF-8 , codePoint , and percentEncodeSet .

To UTF-8 percent-encode a string input using a percentEncodeSet , return the result of running percent-encode after encoding with UTF-8 , input , percentEncodeSet , and false.

2. Security considerations

The security of a URL is a function of its environment. Care is to be taken when rendering, interpreting, and passing URLs around.

When rendering and allocating new URLs "spoofing" needs to be considered. An attack whereby one host or URL can be confused for another. For instance, consider how 1/l/I, m/rn/rri, 0/O, and а/a can all appear eerily similar. Or worse, consider how U+202A LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING and similar code points are invisible. [UTR36]

When passing a URL from party A to B , both need to carefully consider what is happening. A might end up leaking data it does not want to leak. B might receive input it did not expect and take an action that harms the user. In particular, B should never trust A , as at some point URLs from A can come from untrusted sources.

3. Hosts (domains and IP addresses)

At a high level, a host , valid host string , host parser , and host serializer relate as follows:

• The host parser takes an arbitrary string and returns either failure or a host .

• A host can be seen as the in-memory representation.

• A valid host string defines what input would not trigger a validation error or failure when given to the host parser . I.e., input that would be considered conforming or valid.

• The host serializer takes a host and returns a string. (If that string is then parsed , the result will equal the host that was serialized .)

3.1. Host representation

A host is a domain , an IPv4 address , an IPv6 address , an opaque host , or an empty host . Typically a host serves as a network address, but it is sometimes used as opaque identifier in URLs where a network address is not necessary.

The RFCs referenced in the paragraphs below are for informative purposes only. They have no influence on host writing, parsing, and serialization. Unless stated otherwise in the sections that follow.

A domain is a non-empty ASCII string that identifies a realm within a network. [RFC1034]

The example.com and example.com. domains are not equivalent and typically treated as distinct.

An IPv4 address is a 32-bit unsigned integer that identifies a network address. [RFC791]

An IPv6 address is a 128-bit unsigned integer that identifies a network address. For the purposes of this standard it is represented as a list of eight 16-bit unsigned integers, also known as IPv6 pieces . [RFC4291]

Support for <zone_id> is intentionally omitted .

An opaque host is a non-empty ASCII string that can be used for further processing.

An empty host is the empty string.

3.2. Host miscellaneous

A forbidden host code point is U+0000 NULL, U+0009 TAB, U+000A LF, U+000D CR, U+0020 SPACE, U+0023 (#), U+0025 (%), U+002F (/), U+003A (:), U+003C (<), U+003E (>), U+003F (?), U+0040 (@), U+005B ([), U+005C (\), U+005D (]), or U+005E (^).

A host ’s public suffix is the portion of a host which is included on the Public Suffix List . To obtain host ’s public suffix , run these steps: [PSL]

1. If host is not a domain , then return null.

2. Let publicSuffix be the public suffix determined by running the Public Suffix List algorithm with host as domain. [PSL]

3. Assert: publicSuffix is an ASCII string .

4. Return publicSuffix .

A host ’s registrable domain is a domain formed by the most specific public suffix, along with the domain label immediately preceeding it, if any. To obtain host ’s registrable domain , run these steps:

1. If host ’s public suffix is null or host ’s public suffix equals host , then return null.

2. Let registrableDomain be the registrable domain determined by running the Public Suffix List algorithm with host as domain. [PSL]

3. Assert: registrableDomain is an ASCII string .

4. Return registrableDomain .

Specifications should prefer the origin concept for security decisions. The notion of " public suffix " and " registrable domain " cannot be relied-upon to provide a hard security boundary, as the public suffix list will diverge from client to client. Specifications which ignore this advice are encouraged to carefully consider whether URLs' schemes ought to be incorporated into any decisions made, i.e. whether to use the same site or schemelessly same site concepts.

3.3. IDNA

The domain to ASCII algorithm, given a string domain and optionally a boolean beStrict , runs these steps:

1. If beStrict is not given, set it to false.

2. Let result be the result of running Unicode ToASCII with domain_name set to domain , UseSTD3ASCIIRules set to beStrict , CheckHyphens set to false, CheckBidi set to true, CheckJoiners set to true, Transitional_Processing set to false, and VerifyDnsLength set to beStrict .

3. If result is a failure value, validation error , return failure.

4. If result is the empty string, validation error , return failure.

5. Return result .

The domain to Unicode algorithm, given a domain domain , runs these steps:

1. Let result be the result of running Unicode ToUnicode with domain_name set to domain , CheckHyphens set to false, CheckBidi set to true, CheckJoiners set to true, UseSTD3ASCIIRules set to false, and Transitional_Processing set to false.

2. Signify validation errors for any returned errors, and then, return result .

3.4. Host writing

A valid host string must be a valid domain string , a valid IPv4-address string , or: U+005B ([), followed by a valid IPv6-address string , followed by U+005D (]).

A domain is a valid domain if these steps return success:

1. Let result be the result of running domain to ASCII with domain and true.

2. If result is failure, then return failure.

3. Set result to the result of running Unicode ToUnicode with domain_name set to result , CheckHyphens set to false, CheckBidi set to true, CheckJoiners set to true, UseSTD3ASCIIRules set to true, and Transitional_Processing set to false.

4. If result contains any errors, return failure.

5. Return success.

Ideally we define this in terms of a sequence of code points that make up a valid domain rather than through a whack-a-mole: issue 245 .

A valid domain string must be a string that is a valid domain .

A valid IPv4-address string must be four sequences of up to three ASCII digits per sequence, each representing a decimal number no greater than 255, and separated from each other by U+002E (.).

A valid IPv6-address string is defined in the "Text Representation of Addresses" chapter of IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture . [RFC4291]

A valid opaque-host string must be one of the following:

• one or more URL units excluding forbidden host code points

• U+005B ([), followed by a valid IPv6-address string , followed by U+005D (]).

This is not part of the definition of valid host string as it requires context to be distinguished.

3.5. Host parsing

The host parser takes a string input with an optional boolean isNotSpecial , and then runs these steps:

1. If isNotSpecial is not given, then set isNotSpecial to false.

2. If input starts with U+005B ([), then:

   1. If input does not end with U+005D (]), validation error , return failure.

   2. Return the result of IPv6 parsing input with its leading U+005B ([) and trailing U+005D (]) removed.

3. If isNotSpecial is true, then return the result of opaque-host parsing input .

4. Assert: input is not the empty string.

5. Let domain be the result of running UTF-8 decode without BOM on the percent-decoding of input .

   Alternatively UTF-8 decode without BOM or fail can be used, coupled with an early return for failure, as domain to ASCII fails on U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.

6. Let asciiDomain be the result of running domain to ASCII on domain .

7. If asciiDomain is failure, validation error , return failure.

8. If asciiDomain contains a forbidden host code point , validation error , return failure.

9. Let ipv4Host be the result of IPv4 parsing asciiDomain .

10. If ipv4Host is an IPv4 address or failure, return ipv4Host .

11. Return asciiDomain .

The IPv4 parser takes a string input and then runs these steps:

1. Let validationError be false.

   This uses validationError to track validation errors to avoid reporting them before we are confident we want to parse input as an IPv4 address as the host parser almost always invokes the IPv4 parser .

2. Let parts be the result of strictly splitting input on U+002E (.).

3. If the last item in parts is the empty string, then:

   1. Set validationError to true.

   2. If parts ’s size is greater than 1, then remove the last item from parts .

4. If parts ’s size is greater than 4, then return input .

5. Let numbers be an empty list .

6. For each part of parts :

   1. If part is the empty string, then return input .

      0..0x300 is a domain , not an IPv4 address .

   2. Let result be the result of parsing part .

   3. If result is failure, then return input .

   4. If result [1] is true, then set validationError to true.

   5. Append result [0] to numbers .

7. If validationError is true, validation error .

   At this point each part was parsed into a number and input will be treated as an IPv4 address (or failure). And therefore error reporting resumes.

8. If any item in numbers is greater than 255, validation error .

9. If any but the last item in numbers is greater than 255, then return failure.

10. If the last item in numbers is greater than or equal to 256 ^{(5 − numbers ’s size )} , validation error , return failure.

11. Let ipv4 be the last item in numbers .

12. Remove the last item from numbers .

13. Let counter be 0.

14. For each n of numbers :

    1. Increment ipv4 by n × 256 ^{(3 − counter )} .

    2. Increment counter by 1.

15. Return ipv4 .

The IPv4 number parser takes a string input and then runs these steps:

1. Let validationError be false.

2. Let R be 10.

3. If input contains at least two code points and the first two code points are either " 0x " or " 0X ", then:

   1. Set validationError to true.

   2. Remove the first two code points from input .

   3. Set R to 16.

4. Otherwise, if input contains at least two code points and the first code point is U+0030 (0), then:

   1. Set validationError to true.

   2. Remove the first code point from input .

   3. Set R to 8.

5. If input is the empty string, then return 0.

6. If input contains a code point that is not a radix- R digit, then return failure.

7. Let output be the mathematical integer value that is represented by input in radix- R notation, using ASCII hex digits for digits with values 0 through 15.

8. Return ( output , validationError ).

The IPv6 parser takes a string input and then runs these steps:

1. Let address be a new IPv6 address whose IPv6 pieces are all 0.

2. Let pieceIndex be 0.

3. Let compress be null.

4. Let pointer be a pointer for input .

5. If c is U+003A (:), then:

   1. If remaining does not start with U+003A (:), validation error , return failure.

   2. Increase pointer by 2.

   3. Increase pieceIndex by 1 and then set compress to pieceIndex .

6. While c is not the EOF code point :

   1. If pieceIndex is 8, validation error , return failure.

   2. If c is U+003A (:), then:

      1. If compress is non-null, validation error , return failure.

      2. Increase pointer and pieceIndex by 1, set compress to pieceIndex , and then continue .

   3. Let value and length be 0.

   4. While length is less than 4 and c is an ASCII hex digit , set value to value × 0x10 + c interpreted as hexadecimal number, and increase pointer and length by 1.

   5. If c is U+002E (.), then:

      1. If length is 0, validation error , return failure.

      2. Decrease pointer by length .

      3. If pieceIndex is greater than 6, validation error , return failure.

      4. Let numbersSeen be 0.

      5. While c is not the EOF code point :

         1. Let ipv4Piece be null.

         2. If numbersSeen is greater than 0, then:

            1. If c is a U+002E (.) and numbersSeen is less than 4, then increase pointer by 1.

            2. Otherwise, validation error , return failure.

         3. If c is not an ASCII digit , validation error , return failure.

         4. While c is an ASCII digit :

            1. Let number be c interpreted as decimal number.

            2. If ipv4Piece is null, then set ipv4Piece to number .

               Otherwise, if ipv4Piece is 0, validation error , return failure.

               Otherwise, set ipv4Piece to ipv4Piece × 10 + number .

            3. If ipv4Piece is greater than 255, validation error , return failure.

            4. Increase pointer by 1.

         5. Set address [ pieceIndex ] to address [ pieceIndex ] × 0x100 + ipv4Piece .

         6. Increase numbersSeen by 1.

         7. If numbersSeen is 2 or 4, then increase pieceIndex by 1.

      6. If numbersSeen is not 4, validation error , return failure.

      7. Break .

   6. Otherwise, if c is U+003A (:):

      1. Increase pointer by 1.

      2. If c is the EOF code point , validation error , return failure.

   7. Otherwise, if c is not the EOF code point , validation error , return failure.

   8. Set address [ pieceIndex ] to value .

   9. Increase pieceIndex by 1.

7. If compress is non-null, then:

   1. Let swaps be pieceIndex − compress .

   2. Set pieceIndex to 7.

   3. While pieceIndex is not 0 and swaps is greater than 0, swap address [ pieceIndex ] with address [ compress + swaps − 1], and then decrease both pieceIndex and swaps by 1.

8. Otherwise, if compress is null and pieceIndex is not 8, validation error , return failure.

9. Return address .

The opaque-host parser takes a string input , and then runs these steps:

1. If input contains a forbidden host code point excluding U+0025 (%), validation error , return failure.

2. If input contains a code point that is not a URL code point and not U+0025 (%), validation error .

3. If input contains a U+0025 (%) and the two code points following it are not ASCII hex digits , validation error .

4. Return the result of running UTF-8 percent-encode on input using the C0 control percent-encode set .

3.6. Host serializing

The host serializer takes a host host and then runs these steps:

1. If host is an IPv4 address , return the result of running the IPv4 serializer on host .

2. Otherwise, if host is an IPv6 address , return U+005B ([), followed by the result of running the IPv6 serializer on host , followed by U+005D (]).

3. Otherwise, host is a domain , opaque host , or empty host , return host .

The IPv4 serializer takes an IPv4 address address and then runs these steps:

1. Let output be the empty string.

2. Let n be the value of address .

3. For each i in the range 1 to 4, inclusive:

   1. Prepend n % 256, serialized , to output .

   2. If i is not 4, then prepend U+002E (.) to output .

   3. Set n to floor( n / 256).

4. Return output .

The IPv6 serializer takes an IPv6 address address and then runs these steps:

1. Let output be the empty string.

2. Let compress be an index to the first IPv6 piece in the first longest sequences of address ’s IPv6 pieces that are 0.

   In 0:f:0:0:f:f:0:0 it would point to the second 0.

3. If there is no sequence of address ’s IPv6 pieces that are 0 that is longer than 1, then set compress to null.

4. Let ignore0 be false.

5. For each pieceIndex in the range 0 to 7, inclusive:

   1. If ignore0 is true and address [ pieceIndex ] is 0, then continue .

   2. Otherwise, if ignore0 is true, set ignore0 to false.

   3. If compress is pieceIndex , then:

      1. Let separator be " :: " if pieceIndex is 0, and U+003A (:) otherwise.

      2. Append separator to output .

      3. Set ignore0 to true and continue .

   4. Append address [ pieceIndex ], represented as the shortest possible lowercase hexadecimal number, to output .

   5. If pieceIndex is not 7, then append U+003A (:) to output .

6. Return output .

This algorithm requires the recommendation from A Recommendation for IPv6 Address Text Representation. [RFC5952]

3.7. Host equivalence

To determine whether a host A equals B , return true if A is B , and false otherwise.

Certificate comparison requires a host equivalence check that ignores the trailing dot of a domain (if any). However, those hosts have also various other facets enforced, such as DNS length, that are not enforced here, as URLs do not enforce them. If anyone has a good suggestion for how to bring these two closer together, or what a good unified model would be, please file an issue.

4. URLs

At a high level, a URL , valid URL string , URL parser , and URL serializer relate as follows:

• The URL parser takes an arbitrary string and returns either failure or a URL .

• A URL can be seen as the in-memory representation.

• A valid URL string defines what input would not trigger a validation error or failure when given to the URL parser . I.e., input that would be considered conforming or valid.

• The URL serializer takes a URL and returns an ASCII string . (If that string is then parsed , the result will equal the URL that was serialized .)

4.1. URL representation

A URL is a universal identifier. To disambiguate from a valid URL string it can also be referred to as a URL record .

A URL ’s scheme is an ASCII string that identifies the type of URL and can be used to dispatch a URL for further processing after parsing . It is initially the empty string.

A URL ’s username is an ASCII string identifying a username. It is initially the empty string.

A URL ’s password is an ASCII string identifying a password. It is initially the empty string.

A URL ’s host is null or a host . It is initially null.

A URL ’s port is either null or a 16-bit unsigned integer that identifies a networking port. It is initially null.

A URL ’s path is a list of zero or more ASCII strings , usually identifying a location in hierarchical form. It is initially empty.

A special URL always has a non-empty path .

A URL ’s query is either null or an ASCII string . It is initially null.

A URL ’s fragment is either null or an ASCII string that can be used for further processing on the resource the URL ’s other components identify. It is initially null.

A URL also has an associated cannot-be-a-base-URL flag . It is initially unset.

A URL also has an associated blob URL entry that is either null or a blob URL entry . It is initially null.

This is used to support caching the object a " blob " URL refers to as well as its origin. It is important that these are cached as the URL might be removed from the blob URL store between parsing and fetching, while fetching will still need to succeed.

4.2. URL miscellaneous

A special scheme is a scheme listed in the first column of the following table. A default port is a special scheme ’s corresponding port and is listed in the second column on the same row.

A URL is special if its scheme is a special scheme . A URL is not special if its scheme is not a special scheme .

A URL includes credentials if its username or password is not the empty string.

A URL cannot have a username/password/port if its host is null or the empty string, its cannot-be-a-base-URL flag is set, or its scheme is " file ".

A URL can be designated as base URL .

A base URL is useful for the URL parser when the input might be a relative-URL string .

A Windows drive letter is two code points, of which the first is an ASCII alpha and the second is either U+003A (:) or U+007C (|).

A normalized Windows drive letter is a Windows drive letter of which the second code point is U+003A (:).

As per the URL writing section, only a normalized Windows drive letter is conforming.

A string starts with a Windows drive letter if all of the following are true:

• its length is greater than or equal to 2
• its first two code points are a Windows drive letter
• its length is 2 or its third code point is U+002F (/), U+005C (\), U+003F (?), or U+0023 (#).

To shorten a url ’s path :

1. Let path be url ’s path .

2. If path is empty , then return.

3. If url ’s scheme is " file ", path ’s size is 1, and path [0] is a normalized Windows drive letter , then return.

4. Remove path ’s last item.

4.3. URL writing

A valid URL string must be either a relative-URL-with-fragment string or an absolute-URL-with-fragment string .

An absolute-URL-with-fragment string must be an absolute-URL string , optionally followed by U+0023 (#) and a URL-fragment string .

An absolute-URL string must be one of the following:

• a URL-scheme string that is an ASCII case-insensitive match for a special scheme and not an ASCII case-insensitive match for " file ", followed by U+003A (:) and a scheme-relative-special-URL string

• a URL-scheme string that is not an ASCII case-insensitive match for a special scheme , followed by U+003A (:) and a relative-URL string

• a URL-scheme string that is an ASCII case-insensitive match for " file ", followed by U+003A (:) and a scheme-relative-file-URL string

any optionally followed by U+003F (?) and a URL-query string .

A URL-scheme string must be one ASCII alpha , followed by zero or more of ASCII alphanumeric , U+002B (+), U+002D (-), and U+002E (.). Schemes should be registered in the IANA URI [sic] Schemes registry. [IANA-URI-SCHEMES] [RFC7595]

A relative-URL-with-fragment string must be a relative-URL string , optionally followed by U+0023 (#) and a URL-fragment string .

A relative-URL string must be one of the following, switching on base URL ’s scheme :

A special scheme that is not " file "

a scheme-relative-special-URL string

a path-absolute-URL string

a path-relative-scheme-less-URL string

" file "

a scheme-relative-file-URL string

a path-absolute-URL string if base URL ’s host is an empty host

a path-absolute-non-Windows-file-URL string if base URL ’s host is not an empty host

a path-relative-scheme-less-URL string

Otherwise

a scheme-relative-URL string

a path-absolute-URL string

a path-relative-scheme-less-URL string

any optionally followed by U+003F (?) and a URL-query string .

A non-null base URL is necessary when parsing a relative-URL string .

A scheme-relative-special-URL string must be " // ", followed by a valid host string , optionally followed by U+003A (:) and a URL-port string , optionally followed by a path-absolute-URL string .

A URL-port string must be one of the following:

• the empty string

• one or more ASCII digits representing a decimal number no greater than 2 ¹⁶  − 1.

A scheme-relative-URL string must be " // ", followed by an opaque-host-and-port string , optionally followed by a path-absolute-URL string .

An opaque-host-and-port string must be either the empty string or: a valid opaque-host string , optionally followed by U+003A (:) and a URL-port string .

A scheme-relative-file-URL string must be " // ", followed by one of the following:

• a valid host string , optionally followed by a path-absolute-non-Windows-file-URL string

• a path-absolute-URL string .

A path-absolute-URL string must be U+002F (/) followed by a path-relative-URL string .

A path-absolute-non-Windows-file-URL string must be a path-absolute-URL string that does not start with: U+002F (/), followed by a Windows drive letter , followed by U+002F (/).

A path-relative-URL string must be zero or more URL-path-segment strings , separated from each other by U+002F (/), and not start with U+002F (/).

A path-relative-scheme-less-URL string must be a path-relative-URL string that does not start with: a URL-scheme string , followed by U+003A (:).

A URL-path-segment string must be one of the following:

• zero or more URL units excluding U+002F (/) and U+003F (?), that together are not a single-dot path segment or a double-dot path segment .

• a single-dot path segment

• a double-dot path segment .

A single-dot path segment must be " . " or an ASCII case-insensitive match for " %2e ".

A double-dot path segment must be " .. " or an ASCII case-insensitive match for " .%2e ", " %2e. ", or " %2e%2e ".

A URL-query string must be zero or more URL units .

A URL-fragment string must be zero or more URL units .

The URL code points are ASCII alphanumeric , U+0021 (!), U+0024 ($), U+0026 (&), U+0027 ('), U+0028 LEFT PARENTHESIS, U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS, U+002A (*), U+002B (+), U+002C (,), U+002D (-), U+002E (.), U+002F (/), U+003A (:), U+003B (;), U+003D (=), U+003F (?), U+0040 (@), U+005F (_), U+007E (~), and code points in the range U+00A0 to U+10FFFD, inclusive, excluding surrogates and noncharacters .

Code points greater than U+007F DELETE will be converted to percent-encoded bytes by the URL parser .

In HTML, when the document encoding is a legacy encoding, code points in the URL-query string that are higher than U+007F DELETE will be converted to percent-encoded bytes using the document’s encoding . This can cause problems if a URL that works in one document is copied to another document that uses a different document encoding. Using the UTF-8 encoding everywhere solves this problem.

<!doctype html>
<meta charset="windows-1252">

<


a


href


=


"?sm&ouml;rg&aring;sbord"


>

Test

</


a


>

The URL units are URL code points and percent-encoded bytes .

Percent-encoded bytes can be used to encode code points that are not URL code points or are excluded from being written.

There is no way to express a username or password of a URL record within a valid URL string .

4.4. URL parsing

The URL parser takes a string input , with an optional base URL base and an optional encoding encoding override , and then runs these steps:

Non-web-browser implementations only need to implement the basic URL parser .

How user input in the web browser’s address bar is converted to a URL record is out-of-scope of this standard. This standard does include URL rendering requirements as they pertain trust decisions.

1. Let url be the result of running the basic URL parser on input with base , and encoding override as provided.

2. If url is failure, return failure.

3. If url ’s scheme is not " blob ", return url .

4. Set url ’s blob URL entry to the result of resolving the blob URL url , if that did not return failure, and null otherwise.

5. Return url .

The basic URL parser takes a string input , optionally with a base URL base , optionally with an encoding encoding override , optionally with a URL url and a state override state override , and then runs these steps:

1. If url is not given:

   1. Set url to a new URL .

   2. If input contains any leading or trailing C0 control or space , validation error .

   3. Remove any leading and trailing C0 control or space from input .

2. If input contains any ASCII tab or newline , validation error .

3. Remove all ASCII tab or newline from input .

4. Let state be state override if given, or scheme start state otherwise.

5. If base is not given, set it to null.

6. Let encoding be UTF-8 .

7. If encoding override is given, set encoding to the result of getting an output encoding from encoding override .

8. Let buffer be the empty string.

9. Let the @ flag , [] flag , and passwordTokenSeenFlag be unset.

10. Let pointer be a pointer for input .

11. Keep running the following state machine by switching on state . If after a run pointer points to the EOF code point , go to the next step. Otherwise, increase pointer by 1 and continue with the state machine.

    scheme start state

    1. If c is an ASCII alpha , append c , lowercased , to buffer , and set state to scheme state .

    2. Otherwise, if state override is not given, set state to no scheme state and decrease pointer by 1.

    3. Otherwise, validation error , return failure.

       This indication of failure is used exclusively by the Location object’s protocol setter.

    scheme state

    1. If c is an ASCII alphanumeric , U+002B (+), U+002D (-), or U+002E (.), append c , lowercased , to buffer .

    2. Otherwise, if c is U+003A (:), then:

       1. If state override is given, then:

          1. If url ’s scheme is a special scheme and buffer is not a special scheme , then return.

          2. If url ’s scheme is not a special scheme and buffer is a special scheme , then return.

          3. If url includes credentials or has a non-null port , and buffer is " file ", then return.

          4. If url ’s scheme is " file " and its host is an empty host or null, then return.

       2. Set url ’s scheme to buffer .

       3. If state override is given, then:

          1. If url ’s port is url ’s scheme ’s default port , then set url ’s port to null.

          2. Return.

       4. Set buffer to the empty string.

       5. If url ’s scheme is " file ", then:

          1. If remaining does not start with " // ", validation error .

          2. Set state to file state .

       6. Otherwise, if url is special , base is non-null, and base ’s scheme is equal to url ’s scheme , set state to special relative or authority state .

          This means that base ’s cannot-be-a-base-URL flag is unset.

       7. Otherwise, if url is special , set state to special authority slashes state .

       8. Otherwise, if remaining starts with an U+002F (/), set state to path or authority state and increase pointer by 1.

       9. Otherwise, set url ’s cannot-be-a-base-URL flag , append an empty string to url ’s path , and set state to cannot-be-a-base-URL path state .

    3. Otherwise, if state override is not given, set buffer to the empty string, state to no scheme state , and start over (from the first code point in input ).

    4. Otherwise, validation error , return failure.

       This indication of failure is used exclusively by the Location object’s protocol setter. Furthermore, the non-failure termination earlier in this state is an intentional difference for defining that setter.

    no scheme state

    1. If base is null, or base ’s cannot-be-a-base-URL flag is set and c is not U+0023 (#), validation error , return failure.

    2. Otherwise, if base ’s cannot-be-a-base-URL flag is set and c is U+0023 (#), set url ’s scheme to base ’s scheme , url ’s path to a clone of base ’s path , url ’s query to base ’s query , url ’s fragment to the empty string, set url ’s cannot-be-a-base-URL flag , and set state to fragment state .

    3. Otherwise, if base ’s scheme is not " file ", set state to relative state and decrease pointer by 1.

    4. Otherwise, set state to file state and decrease pointer by 1.

    special relative or authority state

    1. If c is U+002F (/) and remaining starts with U+002F (/), then set state to special authority ignore slashes state and increase pointer by 1.

    2. Otherwise, validation error , set state to relative state and decrease pointer by 1.

    path or authority state

    1. If c is U+002F (/), then set state to authority state .

    2. Otherwise, set state to path state , and decrease pointer by 1.

    relative state

    1. Set url ’s scheme to base ’s scheme .

    2. If c is U+002F (/), then set state to relative slash state .

    3. Otherwise, if url is special and c is U+005C (\), validation error , set state to relative slash state .

    4. Otherwise:

       1. Set url ’s username to base ’s username , url ’s password to base ’s password , url ’s host to base ’s host , url ’s port to base ’s port , url ’s path to a clone of base ’s path , and url ’s query to base ’s query .

       2. If c is U+003F (?), then set url ’s query to the empty string, and state to query state .

       3. Otherwise, if c is U+0023 (#), set url ’s fragment to the empty string and state to fragment state .

       4. Otherwise, if c is not the EOF code point :

          1. Set url ’s query to null.

          2. Remove url ’s path ’s last item, if any.

          3. Set state to path state and decrease pointer by 1.

    relative slash state

    1. If url is special and c is U+002F (/) or U+005C (\), then:

       1. If c is U+005C (\), validation error .

       2. Set state to special authority ignore slashes state .

    2. Otherwise, if c is U+002F (/), then set state to authority state .

    3. Otherwise, set url ’s username to base ’s username , url ’s password to base ’s password , url ’s host to base ’s host , url ’s port to base ’s port , state to path state , and then, decrease pointer by 1.

    special authority slashes state

    1. If c is U+002F (/) and remaining starts with U+002F (/), then set state to special authority ignore slashes state and increase pointer by 1.

    2. Otherwise, validation error , set state to special authority ignore slashes state and decrease pointer by 1.

    special authority ignore slashes state

    1. If c is neither U+002F (/) nor U+005C (\), then set state to authority state and decrease pointer by 1.

    2. Otherwise, validation error .

    authority state

    1. If c is U+0040 (@), then:

       1. Validation error .

       2. If the @ flag is set, prepend " %40 " to buffer .

       3. Set the @ flag .

       4. For each codePoint in buffer :

          1. If codePoint is U+003A (:) and passwordTokenSeenFlag is unset, then set passwordTokenSeenFlag and continue .

          2. Let encodedCodePoints be the result of running UTF-8 percent-encode codePoint using the userinfo percent-encode set .

          3. If passwordTokenSeenFlag is set, then append encodedCodePoints to url ’s password .

          4. Otherwise, append encodedCodePoints to url ’s username .

       5. Set buffer to the empty string.

    2. Otherwise, if one of the following is true:

       • c is the EOF code point , U+002F (/), U+003F (?), or U+0023 (#)

       • url is special and c is U+005C (\)

       then:

       1. If @ flag is set and buffer is the empty string, validation error , return failure.

       2. Decrease pointer by the number of code points in buffer plus one, set buffer to the empty string, and set state to host state .

    3. Otherwise, append c to buffer .

    host state

    hostname state

    1. If state override is given and url ’s scheme is " file ", then decrease pointer by 1 and set state to file host state .

    2. Otherwise, if c is U+003A (:) and the [] flag is unset, then:

       1. If buffer is the empty string, validation error , return failure.

       2. Let host be the result of host parsing buffer with url is not special .

       3. If host is failure, then return failure.

       4. Set url ’s host to host , buffer to the empty string, and state to port state .

       5. If state override is given and state override is hostname state , then return.

    3. Otherwise, if one of the following is true:

       • c is the EOF code point , U+002F (/), U+003F (?), or U+0023 (#)

       • url is special and c is U+005C (\)

       then decrease pointer by 1, and then:

       1. If url is special and buffer is the empty string, validation error , return failure.

       2. Otherwise, if state override is given, buffer is the empty string, and either url includes credentials or url ’s port is non-null, validation error , return.

       3. Let host be the result of host parsing buffer with url is not special .

       4. If host is failure, then return failure.

       5. Set url ’s host to host , buffer to the empty string, and state to path start state .

       6. If state override is given, then return.

    4. Otherwise:

       1. If c is U+005B ([), then set the [] flag .

       2. If c is U+005D (]), then unset the [] flag .

       3. Append c to buffer .

    port state

    1. If c is an ASCII digit , append c to buffer .

    2. Otherwise, if one of the following is true:

       • c is the EOF code point , U+002F (/), U+003F (?), or U+0023 (#)

       • url is special and c is U+005C (\)

       • state override is given

       then:

       1. If buffer is not the empty string, then:

          1. Let port be the mathematical integer value that is represented by buffer in radix-10 using ASCII digits for digits with values 0 through 9.

          2. If port is greater than 2 ¹⁶  − 1, validation error , return failure.

          3. Set url ’s port to null, if port is url ’s scheme ’s default port , and to port otherwise.

          4. Set buffer to the empty string.

       2. If state override is given, then return.

       3. Set state to path start state and decrease pointer by 1.

    3. Otherwise, validation error , return failure.

    file state

    1. Set url ’s scheme to " file ".

    2. If c is U+002F (/) or U+005C (\), then:

       1. If c is U+005C (\), validation error .

       2. Set state to file slash state .

    3. Otherwise, if base is non-null and base ’s scheme is " file ":

       1. Set url ’s host to base ’s host , url ’s path to a clone of base ’s path , and url ’s query to base ’s query .

       2. If c is U+003F (?), then set url ’s query to the empty string and state to query state .

       3. Otherwise, if c is U+0023 (#), set url ’s fragment to the empty string and state to fragment state .

       4. Otherwise, if c is not the EOF code point :

          1. Set url ’s query to null.

          2. If the substring from pointer in input does not start with a Windows drive letter , then shorten url ’s path .

          3. Otherwise:

             1. Validation error .

             2. Set url ’s host to null and url ’s path to an empty list.

             This is a (platform-independent) Windows drive letter quirk.

          4. Set state to path state and decrease pointer by 1.

    4. Otherwise, set state to path state , and decrease pointer by 1.

    file slash state

    1. If c is U+002F (/) or U+005C (\), then:

       1. If c is U+005C (\), validation error .

       2. Set state to file host state .

    2. Otherwise:

       1. If base is non-null, non-null and base ’s scheme is " file ", and then:

          1. Set url ’s host to base ’s host .

          2. If the substring from pointer in input does not start with a Windows drive letter , then: If and base ’s path [0] is a normalized Windows drive letter , then append base ’s path [0] to url ’s path .

             This is a (platform-independent) Windows drive letter quirk. Both url ’s and base ’s host are null under these conditions and therefore not copied. Otherwise, set url ’s host to base ’s host .

       2. Set state to path state , and decrease pointer by 1.

    file host state

    1. If c is the EOF code point , U+002F (/), U+005C (\), U+003F (?), or U+0023 (#), then decrease pointer by 1 and then:

       1. If state override is not given and buffer is a Windows drive letter , validation error , set state to path state .

          This is a (platform-independent) Windows drive letter quirk. buffer is not reset here and instead used in the path state .

       2. Otherwise, if buffer is the empty string, then:

          1. Set url ’s host to the empty string.

          2. If state override is given, then return.

          3. Set state to path start state .

       3. Otherwise, run these steps:

          1. Let host be the result of host parsing buffer with url is not special .

          2. If host is failure, then return failure.

          3. If host is " localhost ", then set host to the empty string.

          4. Set url ’s host to host .

          5. If state override is given, then return.

          6. Set buffer to the empty string and state to path start state .

    2. Otherwise, append c to buffer .

    path start state

    1. If url is special , then:

       1. If c is U+005C (\), validation error .

       2. Set state to path state .

       3. If c is neither U+002F (/) nor U+005C (\), then decrease pointer by 1.

    2. Otherwise, if state override is not given and c is U+003F (?), set url ’s query to the empty string and state to query state .

    3. Otherwise, if state override is not given and c is U+0023 (#), set url ’s fragment to the empty string and state to fragment state .

    4. Otherwise, if c is not the EOF code point :

       1. Set state to path state .

       2. If c is not U+002F (/), then decrease pointer by 1.

    path state

    1. If one of the following is true:

       • c is the EOF code point or U+002F (/)

       • url is special and c is U+005C (\)

       • state override is not given and c is U+003F (?) or U+0023 (#)

       then:

       1. If url is special and c is U+005C (\), validation error .

       2. If buffer is a double-dot path segment , then:

          1. Shorten url ’s path .

          2. If neither c is U+002F (/), nor url is special and c is U+005C (\), append the empty string to url ’s path .

             This means that for input /usr/.. the result is / and not a lack of a path.

       3. Otherwise, if buffer is a single-dot path segment and if neither c is U+002F (/), nor url is special and c is U+005C (\), append the empty string to url ’s path .

       4. Otherwise, if buffer is not a single-dot path segment , then:

          1. If url ’s scheme is " file ", url ’s path is empty , and buffer is a Windows drive letter , then: If url ’s host is neither the empty string nor null, validation error , set url ’s host to the empty string. Replace then replace the second code point in buffer with U+003A (:).

             This is a (platform-independent) Windows drive letter quirk.

          2. Append buffer to url ’s path .

       5. Set buffer to the empty string.

       6. If url ’s scheme is " file " and c is the EOF code point , U+003F (?), or U+0023 (#), then while url ’s path ’s size is greater than 1 and url ’s path [0] is the empty string, validation error , remove the first item from url ’s path . If c is U+003F (?), then set url ’s query to the empty string and state to query state .

       7. If c is U+0023 (#), then set url ’s fragment to the empty string and state to fragment state .

    2. Otherwise, run these steps:

       1. If c is not a URL code point and not U+0025 (%), validation error .

       2. If c is U+0025 (%) and remaining does not start with two ASCII hex digits , validation error .

       3. UTF-8 percent-encode c using the path percent-encode set and append the result to buffer .

    cannot-be-a-base-URL path state

    1. If c is U+003F (?), then set url ’s query to the empty string and state to query state .

    2. Otherwise, if c is U+0023 (#), then set url ’s fragment to the empty string and state to fragment state .

    3. Otherwise:

       1. If c is not the EOF code point , not a URL code point , and not U+0025 (%), validation error .

       2. If c is U+0025 (%) and remaining does not start with two ASCII hex digits , validation error .

       3. If c is not the EOF code point , UTF-8 percent-encode c using the C0 control percent-encode set and append the result to url ’s path [0].

    query state

    1. If encoding is not UTF-8 and one of the following is true:

       • url is not special

       • url ’s scheme is " ws " or " wss "

       then set encoding to UTF-8 .

    2. If state override is not given and c is U+0023 (#), then set url ’s fragment to the empty string and state to fragment state .

    3. Otherwise, if c is not the EOF code point :

       1. If c is not a URL code point and not U+0025 (%), validation error .

       2. If c is U+0025 (%) and remaining does not start with two ASCII hex digits , validation error .

       3. Let queryPercentEncodeSet be the special-query percent-encode set if url is special ; otherwise the query percent-encode set .

       4. Percent-encode after encoding , with encoding , c , and queryPercentEncodeSet , and append the result to url ’s query .

    fragment state

    1. If c is not the EOF code point , then:

       1. If c is not a URL code point and not U+0025 (%), validation error .

       2. If c is U+0025 (%) and remaining does not start with two ASCII hex digits , validation error .

       3. UTF-8 percent-encode c using the fragment percent-encode set and append the result to url ’s fragment .

12. Return url .

To set the username given a url and username , set url ’s username to the result of running UTF-8 percent-encode on username using the userinfo percent-encode set .

To set the password given a url and password , set url ’s password to the result of running UTF-8 percent-encode on password using the userinfo percent-encode set .

4.5. URL serializing

The URL serializer takes a URL url , an optional exclude fragment flag , and then runs these steps, returning an ASCII string :

1. Let output be url ’s scheme and U+003A (:) concatenated.

2. If url ’s host is non-null:

   1. Append " // " to output .

   2. If url includes credentials , then:

      1. Append url ’s username to output .

      2. If url ’s password is not the empty string, then append U+003A (:), followed by url ’s password , to output .

      3. Append U+0040 (@) to output .

   3. Append url ’s host , serialized , to output .

   4. If url ’s port is non-null, append U+003A (:) followed by url ’s port , serialized , to output .

3. Otherwise, if url ’s host is null and url ’s scheme is " file ", append " // " to output .

4. If url ’s cannot-be-a-base-URL flag is set, append url ’s path [0] to output .

5. Otherwise:

   1. If url ’s host is null, url ’s path ’s size is greater than 1, and url ’s path [0] is the empty string, then append U+002F (/) followed by U+002E (.) to output .

   2. For each segment of url ’s path : append U+002F (/) followed by segment to output .

   This prevents web+demo:/.//not-a-host/ or web+demo:/path/..//not-a-host/ , when parsed and then serialized , from ending up as web+demo://not-a-host/ (they end up as web+demo:/.//not-a-host/ ).

6. If url ’s query is non-null, append U+003F (?), followed by url ’s query , to output .

7. If the exclude fragment flag is unset and url ’s fragment is non-null, append U+0023 (#), followed by url ’s fragment , to output .

8. Return output .

4.6. URL equivalence

To determine whether a URL A equals B , optionally with an exclude fragments flag , run these steps:

1. Let serializedA be the result of serializing A , with the exclude fragment flag set if the exclude fragments flag is set.

2. Let serializedB be the result of serializing B , with the exclude fragment flag set if the exclude fragments flag is set.

3. Return true if serializedA is serializedB , and false otherwise.

4.7. Origin

See origin ’s definition in HTML for the necessary background information. [HTML]

A URL ’s origin is the origin returned by running these steps, switching on URL ’s scheme :

" blob "

1. If URL ’s blob URL entry is non-null, then return URL ’s blob URL entry ’s environment ’s origin .

2. Let url be the result of parsing URL ’s path [0].

3. Return a new opaque origin , if url is failure, and url ’s origin otherwise.

The origin of blob:https://whatwg.org/d0360e2f-caee-469f-9a2f-87d5b0456f6f is the tuple ( https , whatwg.org , null, null).

" ftp "

" http "

" https "

" ws "

" wss "

Return a tuple consisting of URL ’s scheme , URL ’s host , URL ’s port , and null.

" file "

Unfortunate as it is, this is left as an exercise to the reader. When in doubt, return a new opaque origin .

Otherwise

Return a new opaque origin .

This does indeed mean that these URLs cannot be same-origin with themselves.

4.8. URL rendering

A URL should be rendered in its serialized form, with modifications described below, when the primary purpose of displaying a URL is to have the user make a security or trust decision. For example, users are expected to make trust decisions based on a URL rendered in the browser address bar.

4.8.1. Simplify non-human-readable or irrelevant components

Remove components that can provide opportunities for spoofing or distract from security-relevant information:

• Browsers may render only a URL’s host in places where it is important for users to distinguish between the host and other parts of the URL such as the path . Browsers may consider simplifying the host further to draw attention to its registrable domain . For example, browsers may omit a leading www or m domain label to simplify the host, or display its registrable domain only to remove spoofing opportunities posted by subdomains (e.g., https://examplecorp.attacker.com/ ).

• Browsers should not render a URL ’s username and password , as they can be mistaken for a URL ’s host (e.g., https://examplecorp.com@attacker.example/ ).

• Browsers may render a URL without its scheme if the display surface only ever permits a single scheme (such as a browser feature that omits https:// because it is only enabled for secure origins). Otherwise, the scheme may be replaced or supplemented with a human-readable string (e.g., "Not secure"), a security indicator icon, or both.

4.8.2. Elision

In a space-constrained display, URLs should be elided carefully to avoid misleading the user when making a security decision:

• Browsers should ensure that at least the registrable domain can be shown when the URL is rendered (to avoid showing, e.g., ...examplecorp.com when loading https://not-really-examplecorp.com/ ).

• When the full host cannot be rendered, browsers should elide domain labels starting from the lowest-level domain label. For example, examplecorp.com.evil.com should be elided as ...com.evil.com , not examplecorp.com... . (Note that bidirectional text means that the lowest-level domain label may not appear on the left.)

4.8.3. Internationalization and special characters

Internationalized domain names (IDNs), special characters, and bidirectional text should be handled with care to prevent spoofing:

• Browsers should render a URL ’s host using domain to Unicode .

  Note that various characters can be used in homograph spoofing attacks. Consider detecting confusable characters and warning when they are in use. [IDNFAQ] [UTS39]

• URLs are particularly prone to confusion between host and path when they contain bidirectional text, so in this case it is particularly advisable to only render a URL’s host . For readability, other parts of the URL , if rendered, should have their sequences of percent-encoded bytes replaced with code points resulting from percent-decoding those sequences converted to bytes, unless that renders those sequences invisible. Browsers may choose to not decode certain sequences that present spoofing risks (e.g., U+1F512 (🔒)).

• Browsers should render bidirectional text as if it were in a left-to-right embedding. [BIDI]

  Unfortunately, as rendered URLs are strings and can appear anywhere, a specific bidirectional algorithm for rendered URLs would not see wide adoption. Bidirectional text interacts with the parts of a URL in ways that can cause the rendering to be different from the model. Users of bidirectional languages can come to expect this, particularly in plain text environments.

5. application/x-www-form-urlencoded

The application/x-www-form-urlencoded format provides a way to encode name-value pairs.

The application/x-www-form-urlencoded format is in many ways an aberrant monstrosity, the result of many years of implementation accidents and compromises leading to a set of requirements necessary for interoperability, but in no way representing good design practices. In particular, readers are cautioned to pay close attention to the twisted details involving repeated (and in some cases nested) conversions between character encodings and byte sequences. Unfortunately the format is in widespread use due to the prevalence of HTML forms. [HTML]

5.1. application/x-www-form-urlencoded parsing

A legacy server-oriented implementation might have to support encodings other than UTF-8 as well as have special logic for tuples of which the name is ` _charset `. Such logic is not described here as only UTF-8 is conforming.

The application/x-www-form-urlencoded parser takes a byte sequence input , and then runs these steps:

1. Let sequences be the result of splitting input on 0x26 (&).

2. Let output be an initially empty list of name-value tuples where both name and value hold a string.

3. For each byte sequence bytes in sequences :

   1. If bytes is the empty byte sequence, then continue .

   2. If bytes contains a 0x3D (=), then let name be the bytes from the start of bytes up to but excluding its first 0x3D (=), and let value be the bytes, if any, after the first 0x3D (=) up to the end of bytes . If 0x3D (=) is the first byte, then name will be the empty byte sequence. If it is the last, then value will be the empty byte sequence.

   3. Otherwise, let name have the value of bytes and let value be the empty byte sequence.

   4. Replace any 0x2B (+) in name and value with 0x20 (SP).

   5. Let nameString and valueString be the result of running UTF-8 decode without BOM on the percent-decoding of name and value , respectively.

   6. Append ( nameString , valueString ) to output .

4. Return output .

5.2. application/x-www-form-urlencoded serializing

The application/x-www-form-urlencoded serializer takes a list of name-value tuples tuples , optionally with an encoding encoding override , and then runs these steps:

1. Let encoding be UTF-8 .

2. If encoding override is given, then set encoding to the result of getting an output encoding from encoding override .

3. Let output be the empty string.

4. For each tuple of tuples :

   1. Let name be the result of running percent-encode after encoding with encoding , tuple ’s name, the application/x-www-form-urlencoded percent-encode set , and true.

   2. Let value be tuple ’s value.

   3. If value is a file, then set value to value ’s filename.

   4. Set value to the result of running percent-encode after encoding with encoding , value , the application/x-www-form-urlencoded percent-encode set , and true.

   5. If tuple is not tuples [0], then append U+0026 (&) to output .

   6. Append name , followed by U+003D (=), followed by value , to output .
5. Return output .

HTML invokes this algorithm with values that are files. [HTML]

5.3. Hooks

The application/x-www-form-urlencoded string parser takes a string input , UTF-8 encodes it, and then returns the result of application/x-www-form-urlencoded parsing it.

6. API

6.1. URL class

[Exposed=(Window,Worker),
 LegacyWindowAlias=webkitURL]
interface URL {
  constructor(USVString url, optional USVString base);
  stringifier attribute USVString href;
  readonly attribute USVString origin;
           attribute USVString protocol;
           attribute USVString username;
           attribute USVString password;
           attribute USVString host;
           attribute USVString hostname;
           attribute USVString port;
           attribute USVString pathname;
           attribute USVString search;
  [;

  [SameObject] readonly attribute URLSearchParams searchParams;

           attribute USVString hash;
  USVString toJSON();
};

A URL object has an associated:

• URL : a URL .
• query object : a URLSearchParams object.

The new URL( url , base ) constructor steps are:

1. Let parsedBase be null.

2. If base is given, then:

   1. Let parsedBase be the result of running the basic URL parser on base .

   2. If parsedBase is failure, then throw a TypeError .

3. Let parsedURL be the result of running the basic URL parser on url with parsedBase .

4. If parsedURL is failure, then throw a TypeError .

5. Let query be parsedURL ’s query , if that is non-null, and the empty string otherwise.

6. Set this ’s URL to parsedURL .

7. Set this ’s query object to a new URLSearchParams object.

8. Initialize this ’s query object with query .

9. Set this ’s query object ’s URL object to this .

var input = "https://example.org/💩",
    url = new URL(input)
url
.

pathname

//
"/%F0%9F%92%A9"

try {
  var url = new URL("/🍣🍺")
} catch(e) {
  // that happened

}

var input = "/🍣🍺",
    url = new URL(input, document.baseURI)
url
.

href

//
"https://url.spec.whatwg.org/%F0%9F%8D%A3%F0%9F%8D%BA"

var url = new URL("🏳️‍🌈", new URL("https://pride.example/hello-world"))
url
.

pathname

//
"/%F0%9F%8F%B3%EF%B8%8F%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%8C%88"

The href getter steps and the toJSON() method steps are to return the serialization of this ’s URL .

The href setter steps are:

1. Let parsedURL be the result of running the basic URL parser on the given value.

2. If parsedURL is failure, then throw a TypeError .

3. Set this ’s URL to parsedURL .

4. Empty this ’s query object ’s list .

5. Let query be this ’s URL ’s query .

6. If query is non-null, then set this ’s query object ’s list to the result of parsing query .

The origin getter steps are to return the serialization of this ’s URL ’s origin . [HTML]

The protocol getter steps are to return this ’s URL ’s scheme , followed by U+003A (:).

The protocol setter steps are to basic URL parse the given value, followed by U+003A (:), with this ’s URL as url and scheme start state as state override .

The username getter steps are to return this ’s URL ’s username .

The username setter steps are:

1. If this ’s URL cannot have a username/password/port , then return.

2. Set the username given this ’s URL and the given value.

The password getter steps are to return this ’s URL ’s password .

The password setter steps are:

1. If this ’s URL cannot have a username/password/port , then return.

2. Set the password given this ’s URL and the given value.

The host getter steps are:

1. Let url be this ’s URL .

2. If url ’s host is null, then return the empty string.

3. If url ’s port is null, return url ’s host , serialized .

4. Return url ’s host , serialized , followed by U+003A (:) and url ’s port , serialized .

The host setter steps are:

1. If this ’s URL ’s cannot-be-a-base-URL flag is set, then return.

2. Basic URL parse the given value with this ’s URL as url and host state as state override .

If the given value for the host setter lacks a port , this ’s URL ’s port will not change. This can be unexpected as host getter does return a URL-port string so one might have assumed the setter to always "reset" both.

The hostname getter steps are:

1. If this ’s URL ’s host is null, then return the empty string.

2. Return this ’s URL ’s host , serialized .

The hostname setter steps are:

1. If this ’s URL ’s cannot-be-a-base-URL flag is set, then return.

2. Basic URL parse the given value with this ’s URL as url and hostname state as state override .

The port getter steps are:

1. If this ’s URL ’s port is null, then return the empty string.

2. Return this ’s URL ’s port , serialized .

The port setter steps are:

1. If this ’s URL cannot have a username/password/port , then return.

2. If the given value is the empty string, then set this ’s URL ’s port to null.

3. Otherwise, basic URL parse the given value with this ’s URL as url and port state as state override .

The pathname getter steps are:

1. If this ’s URL ’s cannot-be-a-base-URL flag is set, then return this ’s URL ’s path [0].

2. If this ’s URL ’s path is empty , then return the empty string.

3. Return U+002F (/), followed by the strings in this ’s URL ’s path (including empty strings), if any, separated from each other by U+002F (/).

The pathname setter steps are:

1. If this ’s URL ’s cannot-be-a-base-URL flag is set, then return.

2. Empty this ’s URL ’s path .

3. Basic URL parse the given value with this ’s URL as url and path start state as state override .

The search getter steps are:

1. If this ’s URL ’s query is either null or the empty string, then return the empty string.

2. Return U+003F (?), followed by this ’s URL ’s query .

The search setter steps are:

1. Let url be this ’s URL .

2. If the given value is the empty string, set url ’s query to null, empty this ’s query object ’s list , and then return.

3. Let input be the given value with a single leading U+003F (?) removed, if any.

4. Set url ’s query to the empty string.

5. Basic URL parse input with url as url and query state as state override .

6. Set this ’s query object ’s list to the result of parsing input .

The searchParams getter steps are to return this ’s query object .

The hash getter steps are:

1. If this ’s URL ’s fragment is either null or the empty string, then return the empty string.

2. Return U+0023 (#), followed by this ’s URL ’s fragment .

The hash setter steps are:

1. If the given value is the empty string, then set this ’s URL ’s fragment to null and return.

2. Let input be the given value with a single leading U+0023 (#) removed, if any.

3. Set this ’s URL ’s fragment to the empty string.

4. Basic URL parse input with this ’s URL as url and fragment state as state override .

6.2. URLSearchParams class

[Exposed=(Window,Worker)]
interface URLSearchParams {
   = "");

  constructor(optional (sequence<sequence<USVString>> or record<USVString, USVString> or USVString) init = "");
  undefined append(USVString name, USVString value);
  undefined delete(USVString name);
  USVString? get(USVString name);
  );

  sequence<USVString> getAll(USVString name);
  boolean has(USVString name);
  undefined set(USVString name, USVString value);
  undefined sort();
  iterable<USVString, USVString>;
  stringifier;
};

let params = new URLSearchParams({key: "730d67"})
params
.

toString

()


//
"key=730d67"

const url = new URL('https://example.com/?a=b ~');
console.log(url.href);   // "https://example.com/?a=b%20~"
url.searchParams.sort();
console
.

log

(

url
.

href

);


//
"https://example.com/?a=b+%7E"

const url = new URL('https://example.com/?a=~&b=%7E');
console.log(url.search);                // "?a=~&b=%7E"
console.log(url.searchParams.get('a')); // "~"
console
.

log

(

url
.

searchParams
.

get

(


'b'


));


//
"~"

A URLSearchParams object has an associated:

• list : a list of name-value pairs, initially empty.
• URL object : null or a URL object, initially null.

To initialize a URLSearchParams object query with init , run these steps:

1. If init is a sequence , then for each pair in init :

   1. If pair does not contain exactly two items, then throw a TypeError .

   2. Append a new name-value pair whose name is pair ’s first item, and value is pair ’s second item, to query ’s list .

2. Otherwise, if init is a record , then for each name → value of init , append a new name-value pair whose name is name and value is value , to query ’s list .

3. Otherwise:

   1. Assert: init is a string.

   2. Set query ’s list to the result of parsing init .

To update a URLSearchParams object query , run these steps:

1. If query ’s URL object is null, then return.

2. Let serializedQuery be the serialization of query ’s list .

3. If serializedQuery is the empty string, then set serializedQuery to null.

4. Set query ’s URL object ’s URL ’s query to serializedQuery .

The new URLSearchParams( init ) constructor steps are:

1. If init is a string and starts with U+003F (?), then remove the first code point from init .

2. Initialize this with init .

The append( name , value ) method steps are:

1. Append a new name-value pair whose name is name and value is value , to list .

2. Update this .

The delete( name ) method steps are:

1. Remove all name-value pairs whose name is name from list .

2. Update this .

The get( name ) method steps are to return the value of the first name-value pair whose name is name in this ’s list , if there is such a pair, and null otherwise.

The getAll( name ) method steps are to return the values of all name-value pairs whose name is name , in this ’s list , in list order, and the empty sequence otherwise.

The has( name ) method steps are to return true if there is a name-value pair whose name is name in this ’s list , and false otherwise.

The set( name , value ) method steps are:

1. If this ’s list contains any name-value pairs whose name is name , then set the value of the first such name-value pair to value and remove the others.

2. Otherwise, append a new name-value pair whose name is name and value is value , to this ’s list .

3. Update this .

const url = new URL("https://example.org/?q=🏳️‍🌈&key=e1f7bc78");
url.searchParams.sort();
url
.

search

;


//
"?key=e1f7bc78&q=%F0%9F%8F%B3%EF%B8%8F%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%8C%88"

const sorted = new URLSearchParams(url.search)
sorted
.

sort

()

The sort() method steps are:

1. Sort all name-value pairs, if any, by their names. Sorting must be done by comparison of code units. The relative order between name-value pairs with equal names must be preserved.

2. Update this .

The value pairs to iterate over are this ’s list ’s name-value pairs with the key being the name and the value being the value.

The stringification behavior steps are to return the serialization of this ’s list .

6.3. URL APIs elsewhere

A standard that exposes URLs , should expose the URL as a string (by serializing an internal URL ). A standard should not expose a URL using a URL object. URL objects are meant for URL manipulation. In IDL the USVString type should be used.

The higher-level notion here is that values are to be exposed as immutable data structures.

If a standard decides to use a variant of the name "URL" for a feature it defines, it should name such a feature "url" (i.e., lowercase and with an "l" at the end). Names such as "URL", "URI", and "IRI" should not be used. However, if the name is a compound, "URL" (i.e., uppercase) is preferred, e.g., "newURL" and "oldURL".

The EventSource and HashChangeEvent interfaces in HTML are examples of proper naming. [HTML]

Acknowledgments

There have been a lot of people that have helped make URLs more interoperable over the years and thereby furthered the goals of this standard. Likewise many people have helped making this standard what it is today.

With that, many thanks to 100の人, Adam Barth, Addison Phillips, Albert Wiersch, Alex Christensen, Alexandre Morgaut, Alexis Hunt, Alwin Blok, Andrew Sullivan, Arkadiusz Michalski, Behnam Esfahbod, Bobby Holley, Boris Zbarsky, Brad Hill, Brandon Ross, Chris Dumez, Chris Rebert, Corey Farwell, Dan Appelquist, Daniel Bratell, Daniel Stenberg, David Burns, David Håsäther, David Sheets, David Singer, David Walp, Domenic Denicola, Emily Schechter, Emily Stark, Eric Lawrence, Erik Arvidsson, Gavin Carothers, Geoff Richards, Glenn Maynard, Gordon P. Hemsley, Henri Sivonen, Ian Hickson, Ilya Grigorik, Italo A. Casas, Jakub Gieryluk, James Graham, James Manger, James Ross, Jeff Hodges, Jeffrey Posnick, Jeffrey Yasskin, Joe Duarte, Joshua Bell, Jxck, 田村健人 (Kent TAMURA), Kevin Grandon, Kornel Lesiński, Larry Masinter, Leif Halvard Silli, Mark Amery, Mark Davis, Marcos Cáceres, Marijn Kruisselbrink, Martin Dürst, Mathias Bynens, Matt Falkenhagen, Matt Giuca, Michael Peick, Michael™ Smith, Michal Bukovský, Michel Suignard, Mikaël Geljić, Noah Levitt, Peter Occil, Philip Jägenstedt, Philippe Ombredanne, Prayag Verma, Rimas Misevičius, Robert Kieffer, Rodney Rehm, Roy Fielding, Ryan Sleevi, Sam Ruby, Sam Sneddon, Santiago M. Mola, Sebastian Mayr, Simon Pieters, Simon Sapin, Steven Vachon, Stuart Cook, Sven Uhlig, Tab Atkins, 吉野剛史 (Takeshi Yoshino), Tantek Çelik, Tiancheng "Timothy" Gu, Tim Berners-Lee, 簡冠庭 (Tim Guan-tin Chien), Titi_Alone, Tomek Wytrębowicz, Trevor Rowbotham, Tristan Seligmann, Valentin Gosu, Vyacheslav Matva, Wei Wang, 山岸和利 (Yamagishi Kazutoshi), Yongsheng Zhang, 成瀬ゆい (Yui Naruse), and zealousidealroll for being awesome!

This standard is written by Anne van Kesteren ( Mozilla , annevk@annevk.nl ).

Copyright © WHATWG (Apple, Google, Mozilla, Microsoft). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .