HTML

Living Standard — Last Updated 29 June 8 July 2020

1. 1. 7.5 Origin
      1. 7.5.1 Sites
      2. 7.5.2 Relaxing the same-origin restriction
   2. 7.6 Sandboxing
   3. 7.7 Cross-origin opener policies
      1. 7.7.1 The ` Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy ` header
      2. 7.7.2 Browsing context group switches due to cross-origin opener policy
   4. 7.8 Cross-origin embedder policies
      1. 7.8.1 The headers
      2. 7.8.2 Embedder policy checks

7.5 Origin

Origins are the fundamental currency of the Web's security model. Two actors in the Web platform that share an origin are assumed to trust each other and to have the same authority. Actors with differing origins are considered potentially hostile versus each other, and are isolated from each other to varying degrees.

For example, if Example Bank's Web site, hosted at bank.example.com , tries to examine the DOM of Example Charity's Web site, hosted at charity.example.org , a " SecurityError " DOMException will be raised.

An origin is one of the following:

An opaque origin

An internal value, with no serialization it can be recreated from (it is serialized as " null " per serialization of an origin ), for which the only meaningful operation is testing for equality.

A tuple origin

A tuple consists of:

• A scheme (a scheme ).
• A host (a host ).
• A port (a port ).
• A domain (null or a domain ). Null unless stated otherwise.

Origins can be shared, e.g., among multiple Document objects. Furthermore, origins are generally immutable. Only the domain of a tuple origin can be changed, and only through the document.domain API.

The effective domain of an origin origin is computed as follows:

1. If origin is an opaque origin , then return null.

2. If origin 's domain is non-null, then return origin 's domain .

3. Return origin 's host .

Various specification objects are defined to have an origin . These origins are determined as follows:

For Document objects

The create a new browsing context and navigation algorithms assign the origin at construction time. Otherwise, the default default behavior as defined in DOM applies. [DOM]

For images of img elements

If the image data is CORS-cross-origin

A unique opaque origin assigned when the image is created.

If the image data is CORS-same-origin

The img element's node document 's origin .

For audio and video elements

If the media data is CORS-cross-origin

A unique opaque origin assigned when the media data is fetched.

If the media data is CORS-same-origin

The media element 's node document 's origin .

Other specifications can override the above definitions by themselves specifying the origin of a particular Document object, image, or media element .

The serialization of an origin is the string obtained by applying the following algorithm to the given origin origin :

1. If origin is an opaque origin , then return " null ".

2. Otherwise, let result be origin 's scheme .

3. Append " :// " to result .

4. Append origin 's host , serialized , to result .

5. If origin 's port is non-null, append a U+003A COLON character (:), and origin 's port , serialized , to result .

6. Return result .

The serialization of (" https ", " xn--maraa-rta.example ", null, null) is " https://xn--maraa-rta.example ".

There used to also be a Unicode serialization of an origin . However, it was never widely adopted.

Two origins , A and B , are said to be same origin if the following algorithm returns true:

1. If A and B are the same opaque origin , then return true.

2. If A and B are both tuple origins and their schemes , hosts , and port are identical, then return true.

3. Return false.

Two origins , A and B , are said to be same origin-domain if the following algorithm returns true:

1. If A and B are the same opaque origin , then return true.

2. If A and B are both tuple origins , run these substeps:

   1. If A and B 's schemes are identical, and their domains are identical and non-null, then return true.

   2. Otherwise, if A and B are same origin and their domains are identical and null, then return true.

3. Return false.

7.5.1 Sites

A scheme-and-registrable-domain is a tuple of a scheme and a domain .

A site is an opaque origin , a tuple origin whose host 's registrable domain is null, or a scheme-and-registrable-domain .

To obtain a site , given an origin origin , run these steps:

1. If origin is an opaque origin , then return origin .

2. If origin 's host 's registrable domain is null, then return origin .

3. Return ( origin 's scheme , origin 's host 's registrable domain ).

Two origins , A and B , are said to be schemelessly same site if the following algorithm returns true:

1. If A and B are the same opaque origin , then return true.

2. If A and B are both tuple origins , then:

   1. Let hostA be A 's host , and let hostB be B 's host .

   2. If hostA equals hostB and hostA 's registrable domain is null, then return true.

   3. If hostA 's registrable domain equals hostB 's registrable domain and is non-null, then return true.

3. Return false.

Two origins , A and B , are said to be same site if both of the following statements are true:

• A and B are schemelessly same site

• A and B are either both opaque origins , or both tuple origins with the same scheme

Unlike the same origin and same origin-domain concepts, for schemelessly same site and same site , the port and domain components are ignored.

For the reasons explained in URL , the same site and schemelessly same site concepts should be avoided when possible, in favor of same origin checks.

7.5.2 Relaxing the same-origin restriction

document . domain [ = domain ]

Returns the current domain used for security checks.

Can be set to a value that removes subdomains, to change the origin 's domain to allow pages on other subdomains of the same domain (if they do the same thing) to access each other. (Can't be set in sandboxed iframe s.)

To determine if a string hostSuffixString is a registrable domain suffix of or is equal to a host originalHost , run these steps:

1. If hostSuffixString is the empty string, then return false.

2. Let host be the result of parsing hostSuffixString .

3. If host is failure, then return false.

4. If host does not equal originalHost , then:

   1. If host or originalHost is not a domain , then return false.

      This excludes hosts that are an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address .

   2. If host , prefixed by a U+002E FULL STOP (.), does not exactly match the end of originalHost , then return false.

   3. If host equals host 's public suffix , then return false. [URL]

5. Return true.

The domain attribute's getter must run these steps:

1. Let effectiveDomain be this Document object's origin 's effective domain .

2. If effectiveDomain is null, then return the empty string.

3. Return effectiveDomain , serialized .

The domain attribute's setter must run these steps:

1. If this Document object's browsing context is null, then throw a " SecurityError " DOMException .

2. If this Document object's active sandboxing flag set has its sandboxed document.domain browsing context flag set, then throw a " SecurityError " DOMException .

3. If this Document object is not allowed to use the " document-domain " feature, then throw a " SecurityError " DOMException .

4. Let effectiveDomain be this Document object's origin 's effective domain .

5. If effectiveDomain is null, then throw a " SecurityError " DOMException .

6. If the given value is not a registrable domain suffix of and is not equal to effectiveDomain , then throw a " SecurityError " DOMException .

7. If the surrounding agent 's agent cluster 's cross-origin isolated is true, then return.

8. Set this Document object's origin 's domain to the result of parsing the given value.

The document.domain attribute is used to enable pages on different hosts of a domain to access each other's DOMs.

Do not use the document.domain attribute when using shared hosting. If an untrusted third party is able to host an HTTP server at the same IP address but on a different port, then the same-origin protection that normally protects two different sites on the same host will fail, as the ports are ignored when comparing origins after the document.domain attribute has been used.

7.6 Sandboxing

A sandboxing flag set is a set of zero or more of the following flags, which are used to restrict the abilities that potentially untrusted resources have:

The sandboxed navigation browsing context flag

This flag prevents content from navigating browsing contexts other than the sandboxed browsing context itself (or browsing contexts further nested inside it), auxiliary browsing contexts (which are protected by the sandboxed auxiliary navigation browsing context flag defined next), and the top-level browsing context (which is protected by the sandboxed top-level navigation without user activation browsing context flag and sandboxed top-level navigation with user activation browsing context flag defined below).

If the sandboxed auxiliary navigation browsing context flag is not set, then in certain cases the restrictions nonetheless allow popups (new top-level browsing contexts ) to be opened. These browsing contexts always have one permitted sandboxed navigator , set when the browsing context is created, which allows the browsing context that created them to actually navigate them. (Otherwise, the sandboxed navigation browsing context flag would prevent them from being navigated even if they were opened.)

The sandboxed auxiliary navigation browsing context flag

This flag prevents content from creating new auxiliary browsing contexts , e.g. using the target attribute or the window.open() method.

The sandboxed top-level navigation without user activation browsing context flag

This flag prevents content from navigating their top-level browsing context and prevents content from closing their top-level browsing context . It is consulted only when the sandboxed browsing context's active window does not have transient activation .

When the sandboxed top-level navigation without user activation browsing context flag is not set, content can navigate its top-level browsing context , but other browsing contexts are still protected by the sandboxed navigation browsing context flag and possibly the sandboxed auxiliary navigation browsing context flag .

The sandboxed top-level navigation with user activation browsing context flag

This flag prevents content from navigating their top-level browsing context and prevents content from closing their top-level browsing context . It is consulted only when the sandboxed browsing context's active window has transient activation .

As with the sandboxed top-level navigation without user activation browsing context flag , this flag only affects the top-level browsing context ; if it is not set, other browsing contexts might still be protected by other flags.

The sandboxed plugins browsing context flag

This flag prevents content from instantiating plugins , whether using the embed element , the object element , or through navigation of their nested browsing context , unless those plugins can be secured .

The sandboxed origin browsing context flag

This flag forces content into a unique origin , thus preventing it from accessing other content from the same origin .

This flag also prevents script from reading from or writing to the document.cookie IDL attribute , and blocks access to localStorage .

The sandboxed forms browsing context flag

This flag blocks form submission .

The sandboxed pointer lock browsing context flag

This flag disables the Pointer Lock API. [POINTERLOCK]

The sandboxed scripts browsing context flag

This flag blocks script execution .

The sandboxed automatic features browsing context flag

This flag blocks features that trigger automatically, such as automatically playing a video or automatically focusing a form control .

The sandboxed document.domain browsing context flag

This flag prevents content from using the document.domain setter.

The sandbox propagates to auxiliary browsing contexts flag

This flag prevents content from escaping the sandbox by ensuring that any auxiliary browsing context it creates inherits the content's active sandboxing flag set .

The sandboxed modals flag

This flag prevents content from using any of the following features to produce modal dialogs:

• window.alert()
• window.confirm()
• window.print()
• window.prompt()
• the beforeunload event

The sandboxed orientation lock browsing context flag

This flag disables the ability to lock the screen orientation. [SCREENORIENTATION]

The sandboxed presentation browsing context flag

This flag disables the Presentation API. [PRESENTATION]

The sandboxed downloads browsing context flag

This flag prevents content from initiating or instantiating downloads, whether through downloading hyperlinks or through navigation that gets handled as a download .

When the user agent is to parse a sandboxing directive , given a string input , a sandboxing flag set output , it must run the following steps:

1. Split input on ASCII whitespace , to obtain tokens .

2. Let output be empty.

3. Add the following flags to output :

   • The sandboxed navigation browsing context flag .

   • The sandboxed auxiliary navigation browsing context flag , unless tokens contains the allow-popups keyword.

   • The sandboxed top-level navigation without user activation browsing context flag , unless tokens contains the allow-top-navigation keyword.

   • The sandboxed top-level navigation with user activation browsing context flag , unless tokens contains either the allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation keyword or the allow-top-navigation keyword.

     This means that if the allow-top-navigation is present, the allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation keyword will have no effect. For this reason, specifying both is a document conformance error.

   • The sandboxed plugins browsing context flag .

   • The sandboxed origin browsing context flag , unless the tokens contains the allow-same-origin keyword.

     The allow-same-origin keyword is intended for two cases.

     First, it can be used to allow content from the same site to be sandboxed to disable scripting, while still allowing access to the DOM of the sandboxed content.

     Second, it can be used to embed content from a third-party site, sandboxed to prevent that site from opening popups, etc, without preventing the embedded page from communicating back to its originating site, using the database APIs to store data, etc.

   • The sandboxed forms browsing context flag , unless tokens contains the allow-forms keyword.

   • The sandboxed pointer lock browsing context flag , unless tokens contains the allow-pointer-lock keyword.

   • The sandboxed scripts browsing context flag , unless tokens contains the allow-scripts keyword.

   • The sandboxed automatic features browsing context flag , unless tokens contains the allow-scripts keyword (defined above).

     This flag is relaxed by the same keyword as scripts, because when scripts are enabled these features are trivially possible anyway, and it would be unfortunate to force authors to use script to do them when sandboxed rather than allowing them to use the declarative features.

   • The sandboxed document.domain browsing context flag .

   • The sandbox propagates to auxiliary browsing contexts flag , unless tokens contains the allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox keyword.

   • The sandboxed modals flag , unless tokens contains the allow-modals keyword.

   • The sandboxed orientation lock browsing context flag , unless tokens contains the allow-orientation-lock keyword.

   • The sandboxed presentation browsing context flag , unless tokens contains the allow-presentation keyword.

   • The sandboxed downloads browsing context flag , unless tokens contains the allow-downloads keyword.

Every top-level browsing context has a popup sandboxing flag set , which is a sandboxing flag set . When a browsing context is created, its popup sandboxing flag set must be empty. It is populated by the rules for choosing a browsing context .

Every iframe element has an iframe sandboxing flag set , which is a sandboxing flag set . Which flags in an iframe sandboxing flag set are set at any particular time is determined by the iframe element's sandbox attribute.

Every Document has an active sandboxing flag set , which is a sandboxing flag set . When the Document is created, its active sandboxing flag set must be empty. It is populated by the navigation algorithm .

Every resource that is obtained by the navigation algorithm has a forced sandboxing flag set , which is a sandboxing flag set . A resource by default has no flags set in its forced sandboxing flag set , but other specifications can define that certain flags are set.

In particular, the forced sandboxing flag set is used by Content Security Policy . [CSP]

To determine the creation sandboxing flags for a browsing context browsing context , given null or an element embedder , return the union of the flags that are present in the following sandboxing flag sets :

• If embedder is null, then: the flags set on browsing context 's popup sandboxing flag set .

• If embedder is an element, then: the flags set on embedder 's iframe sandboxing flag set .

• If embedder is an element, then: the flags set on embedder 's node document 's active sandboxing flag set .

After creation, the sandboxing flags for a browsing context browsing context are the result of determining the creation sandboxing flags given browsing context and browsing context 's container .

7.7 Cross-origin opener policies

A cross-origin opener policy allows a document which is navigated to in a top-level browsing context to force the creation of a new top-level browsing context , and a corresponding group . It has one of the following values:

" unsafe-none "

This is the (current) default and means that the document will occupy the same top-level browsing context as its predecessor, unless that document specified a different cross-origin opener policy .

" same-origin-allow-popups "

This forces the creation of a new top-level browsing context for the document, unless its predecessor specified the same cross-origin opener policy and they are same origin .

" same-origin "

This behaves the same as " same-origin-allow-popups ", with the addition that any auxiliary browsing context created needs to contain same origin documents that also have the same cross-origin opener policy or it will appear closed to the opener.

" same-origin-plus-COEP "

This behaves the same as " same-origin ", with the addition that it sets the (new) top-level browsing context 's group 's cross-origin isolated to true.

" same-origin-plus-COEP " cannot be directly set via the ` Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy ` header, but results from a combination of setting both ` Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy : same-origin ` and ` Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy : require-corp ` together.

To match cross-origin opener policies , given a cross-origin opener policy A , an origin originA , a cross-origin opener policy B , and an origin originB :

1. If A is " unsafe-none " and B is " unsafe-none ", then return true.

2. If A is " unsafe-none " or B is " unsafe-none ", then return false.

3. If A is B and originA is same origin with originB , then return true.

4. Return false.

7.7.1 The ` Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy ` header

A Document 's cross-origin opener policy is derived from the ` Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy ` HTTP response header. This header is a structured header whose value must be a token . [STRUCTURED-HEADERS]

The valid token values are " unsafe-none ", " same-origin-allow-popups ", and " same-origin ".

Per the processing model described below, user agents will ignore this header if it contains an invalid value. Likewise, user agents will ignore this header if the value cannot be parsed as a token .

To obtain a cross-origin opener policy given a response response and an environment reservedEnvironment :

1. If reservedEnvironment is a non-secure context , then return " unsafe-none ".

2. If response 's HTTPS state is " deprecated ", then return " unsafe-none ".

3. Let value be the result of getting a structured header given ` Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy ` and " item " from response 's header list .

4. If value is failure or null, then return " unsafe-none ".

5. If value [0] is not " same-origin " or " same-origin-allow-popups ", then return " unsafe-none ".

6. If value [0] is " same-origin ", then:

   1. Let coep be the result of obtaining an embedder policy from response .

   2. If coep is " require-corp ", then return " same-origin-plus-COEP ".

7. Return value [0].

7.7.2 Browsing context group switches due to cross-origin opener policy

To check if a response requires a browsing context group switch , given a browsing context browsingContext , an origin responseOrigin and a cross-origin opener policy responseCOOP :

1. Let activeDocumentNavigationOrigin be browsingContext 's active document 's origin .

2. Let activeDocumentCOOP be browsingContext 's active document 's cross-origin opener policy .

3. Let isInitialAboutBlank be false.

4. If browsingContext 's only entry in its session history is the about:blank Document that was added when browsingContext was created , then set isInitialAboutBlank to true.

5. If the result of matching activeDocumentCOOP , activeDocumentNavigationOrigin , responseCOOP and responseOrigin is true, then return false.

6. If all of the following are true:

   • isInitialAboutBlank

   • activeDocumentCOOP is " same-origin-allow-popups ".

   • responseCOOP is " unsafe-none ".

   then return false.

7. Return true.

To obtain a browsing context to use for a navigation response , given a browsing context browsingContext , a sandboxing flag set sandboxFlags , and a cross-origin opener policy navigationCOOP :

1. Assert: browsingContext is a top-level browsing context .

2. Let newBrowsingContext be the result of creating a new top-level browsing context .

3. If navigationCOOP is " same-origin-plus-COEP ", then set newBrowsingContext 's group 's cross-origin isolated to true.

4. If sandboxFlags is not empty, then:

   1. Assert: navigationCOOP is " unsafe-none ".

   2. Set newBrowsingContext 's sandboxing flag set to sandboxFlags .

5. Discard browsingContext .

   This has no effect on browsingContext 's group , unless browsingContext was its sole top-level browsing context . In that case, the user agent might delete the browsing context group which no longer contains any browsing contexts .

6. Return newBrowsingContext .

The impact of swapping browsing context groups following a navigation is not fully defined. It is currently under discussion in issue #5350 .

7.8 Cross-origin embedder policies

An embedder policy value controls the fetching of cross-origin resources without explicit permission from resource owners. There are two such values:

" unsafe-none "

This is the default value. When this value is used, cross-origin resources can be fetched without giving explicit permission through the CORS protocol or the ` Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy ` header.

" require-corp "

When this value is used, fetching cross-origin resources requires the server's explicit permission through the CORS protocol or the ` Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy ` header.

An embedder policy consists of:

• A value , which is an embedder policy value , initially " unsafe-none ".

• A reporting endpoint string, initially the empty string.

• A report only value , which is an embedder policy value , initially " unsafe-none ".

• A report only reporting endpoint string, initially the empty string.

The " coep " report type is a report type whose value is " coep ". It is visible to ReportingObserver s .

7.8.1 The headers

The ` Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy ` and ` Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy-Report-Only ` HTTP response header fields allow a server to declare an embedder policy for an environment settings object . These headers are structured headers whose values must be token . [STRUCTURED-HEADERS]

The valid token values are the embedder policy values . The token may also have attached parameters ; of these, the " report-to " parameter can have a valid URL string identifying an appropriate reporting endpoint. [REPORTING]

To obtain an embedder policy from a response response :

1. Let policy be a new embedder policy .

2. Let parsedItem be the result of getting a structured header with ` Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy ` and " item ".

3. If parsedItem is neither failure nor null and parsedItem [0] is " require-corp ":

   1. Set policy 's value to " require-corp ".

   2. If parsedItem [1][" report-to "] exists , then set policy 's endpoint to parsedItem [1][" report-to "].

4. Set parsedItem to the result of getting a structured header with ` Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy-Report-Only ` and " item ".

5. If parsedItem is neither failure nor null and parsedItem [0] is " require-corp ":

   1. Set policy 's report only value to " require-corp ".

   2. If parsedItem [1][" report-to "] exists , then set policy 's report only reporting endpoint to parsedItem [1][" report-to "].

6. Return policy .

7.8.2 Embedder policy checks

To check a navigation response's adherence to its embedder policy given a response response and a browsing context target :

1. If target is not a child browsing context , then return true.

2. Let responsePolicy be the result of obtaining an embedder policy from response .

3. Let parentPolicy be target 's container document 's embedder policy .

4. If parentPolicy 's report only value is " require-corp " and responsePolicy 's value is " unsafe-none ", then queue a cross-origin embedder policy inheritance violation with response , " navigation ", parentPolicy 's report only reporting endpoint , and target 's container document 's relevant settings object .

5. If parentPolicy 's value is " unsafe-none " or responsePolicy 's value is " require-corp ", then return true.

6. Queue a cross-origin embedder policy inheritance violation with response , " navigation ", parentPolicy 's reporting endpoint , and target 's container document 's relevant settings object .

7. Return false.

To check a global object's embedder policy given a WorkerGlobalScope workerGlobalScope , an environment settings object owner , and a response response :

1. If workerGlobalScope is not a DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope object, then return true.

2. Let policy be workerGlobalScope 's embedder policy .

3. Let ownerPolicy be owner 's embedder policy .

4. If ownerPolicy 's report only value is " require-corp " and policy 's value is " unsafe-none ", then queue a cross-origin embedder policy inheritance violation with response , " worker initialization ", owner's policy 's report only reporting endpoint , and owner .

5. If ownerPolicy 's value is " unsafe-none " or policy 's value is " require-corp ", then return true.

6. Queue a cross-origin embedder policy inheritance violation with response , " worker initialization ", owner's policy 's reporting endpoint , and owner .

7. Return false.

To queue a cross-origin embedder policy inheritance violation given a response response , a string type , a string endpoint , and an environment settings object settings :

1. Let serialized be the result of serializing a response URL for reporting with response .

2. Let body be a new object containing the following properties:

   key	value
   type	type
   blocked-url	serialized

3. Queue body as the " coep " report type for endpoint on settings .