Fetch (PR #781)

Goals

To unify fetching across the web platform this specification supplants a number of algorithms and specifications:

• HTML Standard’s fetch and potentially CORS-enabled fetch algorithms [HTML]
• CORS [CORS]
• HTTP `Origin` header semantics [ORIGIN]

Unifying fetching provides consistent handling of:

• URL schemes
• Redirects
• Cross-origin semantics
• CSP [CSP]
• Service workers [SW]
• Mixed Content [MIX]
• `Referer` [REFERRER]

1. Preface

At a high level, fetching a resource is a fairly simple operation. A request goes in, a response comes out. The details of that operation are however quite involved and used to not be written down carefully and differ from one API to the next.

Numerous APIs provide the ability to fetch a resource, e.g. HTML’s img and script element, CSS' cursor and list-style-image, the navigator.sendBeacon() and self.importScripts() JavaScript APIs. The Fetch Standard provides a unified architecture for these features so they are all consistent when it comes to various aspects of fetching, such as redirects and the CORS protocol.

The Fetch Standard also defines the fetch() JavaScript API, which exposes most of the networking functionality at a fairly low level of abstraction.

2. Infrastructure

This specification depends on the Infra Standard. [INFRA]

This specification uses terminology from the ABNF, Encoding, HTML, HTTP, IDL, MIME Sniffing, Streams, and URL Standards. [ABNF] [ENCODING] [HTML] [HTTP] [WEBIDL] [MIMESNIFF] [STREAMS] [URL]

ABNF means ABNF as modified by HTTP (in particular the addition #).

Credentials are HTTP cookies, TLS client certificates, and authentication entries (for HTTP authentication). [COOKIES] [TLS] [HTTP-AUTH]

Tasks that are queued by this standard are annotated as one of:

• process request body
• process request end-of-body
• process response
• process response end-of-body
• process response done

To queue a fetch task on request request to run an operation, run these steps:

1. If request’s client is null, terminate these steps.

2. Queue a task to run an operation on request’s client’s responsible event loop using the networking task source.

To queue a fetch-request-done task, given a request, queue a fetch task on request to process request end-of-body for request.

To serialize an integer, represent it as a string of the shortest possible decimal number.

This will be replaced by a more descriptive algorithm in Infra. See infra/201.

2.1. URL

A local scheme is a scheme that is "about", "blob", "data", or "filesystem".

A URL is local if its scheme is a local scheme.

This definition is also used by Referrer Policy. [REFERRER]

An HTTP(S) scheme is a scheme that is "http" or "https".

A network scheme is a scheme that is "ftp" or an HTTP(S) scheme.

A fetch scheme is a scheme that is "about", "blob", "data", "file", "filesystem", or a network scheme.

HTTP(S) scheme, network scheme, and fetch scheme are also used by HTML. [HTML]

A response URL is a URL for which implementations need not store the fragment as it is never exposed. When serialized, the exclude fragment flag is set, meaning implementations can store the fragment nonetheless.

2.2. HTTP

While fetching encompasses more than just HTTP, it borrows a number of concepts from HTTP and applies these to resources obtained via other means (e.g., data URLs).

The HTTP whitespace bytes are 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0D, and 0x20.

An HTTPS state value is "none", "deprecated", or "modern".

A response delivered over HTTPS will typically have its HTTPS state set to "modern". A user agent can use "deprecated" in a transition period. E.g., while removing support for a hash function, weak cipher suites, certificates for an "Internal Name", or certificates with an overly long validity period. How exactly a user agent can use "deprecated" is not defined by this specification. An environment settings object typically derives its HTTPS state from a response.

2.2.1. Methods

A method is a byte sequence that matches the method token production.

A CORS-safelisted method is a method that is `GET`, `HEAD`, or `POST`.

A forbidden method is a method that is a byte-case-insensitive match for `CONNECT`, `TRACE`, or `TRACK`. [HTTPVERBSEC1], [HTTPVERBSEC2], [HTTPVERBSEC3]

To normalize a method, if it is a byte-case-insensitive match for `DELETE`, `GET`, `HEAD`, `OPTIONS`, `POST`, or `PUT`, byte-uppercase it.

Normalization is done for backwards compatibility and consistency across APIs as methods are actually "case-sensitive".

Using `patch` is highly likely to result in a `405 Method Not Allowed`. `PATCH` is much more likely to succeed.

There are no restrictions on methods. `CHICKEN` is perfectly acceptable (and not a misspelling of `CHECKIN`). Other than those that are normalized there are no casing restrictions either. `Egg` or `eGg` would be fine, though uppercase is encouraged for consistency.

2.2.2. Headers

A header list is a list of zero or more headers. It is initially the empty list.

A header list is essentially a specialized multimap. An ordered list of key-value pairs with potentially duplicate keys.

A header list (list) contains a name (name) if list contains a header whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for name.

To append a name/value (name/value) pair to a header list (list), run these steps:

1. If list contains name, then set name to the first such header’s name.

   This reuses the casing of the name of the header already in list, if any. If there are multiple matched headers their names will all be identical.

2. Append a new header whose name is name and value is value to list.

To delete a name (name) from a header list (list), remove all headers whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for name from list.

To set a name/value (name/value) pair in a header list (list), run these steps:

1. If list contains name, then set the value of the first such header to value and remove the others.

2. Otherwise, append a new header whose name is name and value is value to list.

To combine a name/value (name/value) pair in a header list (list), run these steps:

1. If list contains name, then set the value of the first such header to its value, followed by 0x2C 0x20, followed by value.

2. Otherwise, append a new header whose name is name and value is value to list.

Combine is used by XMLHttpRequest and the WebSocket protocol handshake.

To sort and combine a header list (list), run these steps:

1. Let headers be an empty list of name-value pairs with the key being the name and value the value.

2. Let names be all the names of the headers in list, byte-lowercased, with duplicates removed, and finally sorted lexicographically.

3. For each name in names:

   1. Let value be the combined value given name and list.

   2. Append name-value to headers.

4. Return headers.

A header consists of a name and value.

A name is a byte sequence that matches the field-name token production.

A value is a byte sequence that matches the following conditions:

• Has no leading or trailing HTTP whitespace bytes.

• Contains no 0x00, 0x0A or 0x0D bytes.

The definition of value is not defined in terms of an HTTP token production as it is broken.

To normalize a potentialValue, remove any leading and trailing HTTP whitespace bytes from potentialValue.

A combined value, given a name (name) and header list (list), is the values of all headers in list whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for name, separated from each other by 0x2C 0x20, in order.

A CORS-safelisted request-header is a header whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of

• `Accept`
• `Accept-Language`
• `Content-Language`
• `Content-Type` and whose value, once extracted, has a MIME type (ignoring parameters) that is `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`, `multipart/form-data`, or `text/plain`

or whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of

• `DPR`
• `Downlink`
• `Save-Data`
• `Viewport-Width`
• `Width`

and whose value, once extracted, is not failure.

There are limited exceptions to the `Content-Type` header safelist, as documented in CORS protocol exceptions.

A CORS non-wildcard request-header name is a byte-case-insensitive match for `Authorization`.

A privileged no-cors request-header name is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of

• `Range`.

A CORS-safelisted response-header name, given a CORS-exposed header-name list list, is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of

• `Cache-Control`
• `Content-Language`
• `Content-Length`
• `Content-Type`
• `Expires`
• `Last-Modified`
• `Pragma`
• Any value in list that is not a forbidden response-header name.

A forbidden header name is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of

• `Accept-Charset`
• `Accept-Encoding`
• `Access-Control-Request-Headers`
• `Access-Control-Request-Method`
• `Connection`
• `Content-Length`
• `Cookie`
• `Cookie2`
• `Date`
• `DNT`
• `Expect`
• `Host`
• `Keep-Alive`
• `Origin`
• `Referer`
• `TE`
• `Trailer`
• `Transfer-Encoding`
• `Upgrade`
• `Via`

or a header name that starts with a byte-case-insensitive match for `Proxy-` or `Sec-` (including being a byte-case-insensitive match for just `Proxy-` or `Sec-`).

These are forbidden so the user agent remains in full control over them. Names starting with `Sec-` are reserved to allow new headers to be minted that are safe from APIs using fetch that allow control over headers by developers, such as XMLHttpRequest. [XHR]

A forbidden response-header name is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of:

• `Set-Cookie`
• `Set-Cookie2`

To extract header values given a header header, run these steps:

1. If parsing header’s value, per the ABNF for header’s name, fails, then return failure.

2. Return one or more values resulting from parsing header’s value, per the ABNF for header’s name.

To extract header list values given a name (name) and a header list (list), run these steps:

1. If list does not contain name, then return null.

2. If the ABNF for name allows a single header and list contains more than one, then return failure.

   If different error handling is needed, extract the desired header first.

3. Let values be an empty list.

4. For each header header list contains whose name is name:

   1. Let extract be the result of extracting header values from header.

   2. If extract is failure, then return failure.

   3. Append each value in extract, in order, to values.

5. Return values.

To extract a MIME type from a header list (headers), run these steps:

1. Let mimeType be the result of extracting header list values given `Content-Type` and headers.

2. If mimeType is null or failure, then return the empty byte sequence.

3. Return mimeType, byte-lowercased.

A default `User-Agent` value is a user-agent-defined value for the `User-Agent` header.

2.2.3. Statuses

A status is a code.

A null body status is a status that is 101, 204, 205, or 304.

An ok status is any status in the range 200 to 299, inclusive.

A redirect status is a status that is 301, 302, 303, 307, or 308.

2.2.4. Bodies

A body consists of:

• A stream (null or a ReadableStream object).

• A transmitted bytes (an integer), initially 0.

• A total bytes (an integer), initially 0.

• A source, initially null.

A body body is said to be done if body is null or body’s stream is closed or errored.

To wait for a body body, wait for body to be done.

To clone a body body, run these steps:

1. Let «out1, out2» be the result of teeing body’s stream.

2. Set body’s stream to out1.

3. Return a body whose stream is out2 and other members are copied from body.

To handle content codings given codings and bytes, run these steps:

1. If codings are not supported, then return bytes.

2. Return the result of decoding bytes with codings as explained in HTTP, if decoding does not result in an error, and failure otherwise. [HTTP] [HTTP-SEMANTICS]

2.2.5. Requests

The input to fetch is a request.

A request has an associated method (a method). Unless stated otherwise it is `GET`.

This can be updated during redirects to `GET` as described in HTTP fetch.

A request has an associated url (a URL).

Implementations are encouraged to make this a pointer to the first URL in request’s url list. It is provided as a distinct field solely for the convenience of other standards hooking into Fetch.

A request has an associated local-URLs-only flag. Unless stated otherwise it is unset.

A request has an associated sandboxed-storage-area-URLs flag. Unless stated otherwise it is unset.

A request has an associated header list (a header list). Unless stated otherwise it is empty.

A request has an associated unsafe-request flag. Unless stated otherwise it is unset.

The unsafe-request flag is set by APIs such as fetch() and XMLHttpRequest to ensure a CORS-preflight fetch is done based on the supplied method and header list. It does not free an API from outlawing forbidden methods and forbidden header names.

A request has an associated body (null or a body). Unless stated otherwise it is null.

This can be updated during redirects to null as described in HTTP fetch.

A request has an associated client (null or an environment settings object).

A request has an associated reserved client (null, an environment, or an environment settings object). Unless stated otherwise it is null.

This is only used by navigation requests and worker requests, but not service worker requests. It references an environment for a navigation request and an environment settings object for a worker request.

A request has an associated target client id (a string). Unless stated otherwise it is the empty string.

This is only used by navigation requests. It is the id of the target browsing context’s active document’s environment settings object.

A request has an associated window ("no-window", "client", or an environment settings object whose global object is a Window object). Unless stated otherwise it is "client".

The "client" value is changed to "no-window" or request’s client during fetching. It provides a convenient way for standards to not have to explicitly set request’s window.

A request has an associated keepalive flag. Unless stated otherwise it is unset.

This can be used to allow the request to outlive the environment settings object, e.g., navigator.sendBeacon and the HTML img element set this flag. Requests with this flag set are subject to additional processing requirements.

A request has an associated service-workers mode, that is "all" or "none". Unless stated otherwise it is "all".

A request has an associated initiator, which is the empty string, "download", "imageset", "manifest", "prefetch", "prerender", or "xslt". Unless stated otherwise it is the empty string.

A request’s initiator is not particularly granular for the time being as other specifications do not require it to be. It is primarily a specification device to assist defining CSP and Mixed Content. It is not exposed to JavaScript. [CSP] [MIX]

A request has an associated destination, which is the empty string, "audio", "audioworklet", "document", "embed", "font", "image", "manifest", "object", "paintworklet", "report", "script", "serviceworker", "sharedworker", "style", "track", "video", "worker", or "xslt". Unless stated otherwise it is the empty string.

A request’s destination is script-like if it is "audioworklet", "paintworklet", "script", "serviceworker", "sharedworker", or "worker".

Algorithms that use script-like should also consider "xslt" as that too can cause script execution. It is not included in the list as it is not always relevant and might require different behavior.

A request has an associated priority (null or a user-agent-defined object). Unless otherwise stated it is null.

A request has an associated origin, which is "client" or an origin. Unless stated otherwise it is "client".

"client" is changed to an origin during fetching. It provides a convenient way for standards to not have to set request’s origin.

A request has an associated referrer, which is "no-referrer", "client", or a URL. Unless stated otherwise it is "client".

"client" is changed to "no-referrer" or a URL during fetching. It provides a convenient way for standards to not have to set request’s referrer.

A request has an associated referrer policy, which is a referrer policy. Unless stated otherwise it is the empty string. [REFERRER]

This can be used to override a referrer policy associated with an environment settings object.

A request has an associated client hints list, which is a client-hints list. Unless stated otherwise, it is the empty list.

This will be used to override a client hints list associated with an environment settings object. [CLIENT-HINTS]

A request has an associated synchronous flag. Unless stated otherwise it is unset.

A request has an associated mode, which is "same-origin", "cors", "no-cors", "navigate", or "websocket". Unless stated otherwise, it is "no-cors".

A request has an associated use-CORS-preflight flag. Unless stated otherwise, it is unset.

The use-CORS-preflight flag being set is one of several conditions that results in a CORS-preflight request. The use-CORS-preflight flag is set if either one or more event listeners are registered on an XMLHttpRequestUpload object or if a ReadableStream object is used in a request.

A request has an associated credentials mode, which is "omit", "same-origin", or "include". Unless stated otherwise, it is "omit".

A request has an associated use-URL-credentials flag. Unless stated otherwise, it is unset.

A request has an associated cache mode, which is "default", "no-store", "reload", "no-cache", "force-cache", or "only-if-cached". Unless stated otherwise, it is "default".

A request has an associated redirect mode, which is "follow", "error", or "manual". Unless stated otherwise, it is "follow".

A request has associated integrity metadata (a string). Unless stated otherwise, it is the empty string.

A request has associated cryptographic nonce metadata (a string). Unless stated otherwise, it is the empty string.

A request has associated parser metadata which is the empty string, "parser-inserted", or "not-parser-inserted". Unless otherwise stated, it is the empty string.

A request’s cryptographic nonce metadata and parser metadata are generally populated from attributes and flags on the HTML element responsible for creating a request. They are used by various algorithms in Content Security Policy to determine whether requests or responses are to be blocked in a given context. [CSP]

A request has an associated reload-navigation flag. Unless stated otherwise, it is unset.

This flag is for exclusive use by HTML’s navigate algorithm. [HTML]

A request has an associated history-navigation flag. Unless stated otherwise, it is unset.

This flag is for exclusive use by HTML’s navigate algorithm. [HTML]

A request has an associated tainted origin flag. Unless stated otherwise, it is unset.

A request has an associated url list (a list of one or more URLs). Unless stated otherwise, it is a list containing a copy of request’s url.

A request has an associated current url. It is a pointer to the last URL in request’s url list.

A request has an associated redirect count. Unless stated otherwise, it is zero.

A request has an associated response tainting, which is "basic", "cors", or "opaque". Unless stated otherwise, it is "basic".

A request has an associated done flag. Unless stated otherwise, it is unset.

A request’s tainted origin flag, url list, current url, redirect count, response tainting, and done flag are used as bookkeeping details by the fetch algorithm.

A subresource request is a request whose destination is "audio", "audioworklet", "font", "image", "manifest", "paintworklet", "script", "style", "track", "video", "xslt", or the empty string.

A potential-navigation-or-subresource request is a request whose destination is "object" or "embed".

A non-subresource request is a request whose destination is "document", "report", "serviceworker", "sharedworker", or "worker".

A navigation request is a request whose destination is "document".

See handle fetch for usage of these terms. [SW]

Serializing a request origin, given a request request, is to run these steps:

1. If request’s tainted origin flag is set, then return `null`.

2. Return request’s origin, serialized and isomorphic encoded.

To clone a request request, run these steps:

1. Let newRequest be a copy of request, except for its body.

2. If request’s body is non-null, set newRequest’s body to the result of cloning request’s body.

3. Return newRequest.

To transmit body for a request request, run these steps:

1. Let body be request’s body.

2. If body is null, then queue a fetch task on request to process request end-of-body for request and abort these steps.

3. Let reader be the result of getting a reader from body’s stream.

   This operation cannot throw an exception.

4. Let read be the result of reading a chunk from body’s stream with reader.

5. In parallel, while true:

   1. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

      1. Wait for read to be fulfilled or rejected.

      2. If read is fulfilled with an object whose done property is false and whose value property is a Uint8Array object, then run these steps:

         1. Let bs be the byte sequence represented by the Uint8Array object.

         2. Transmit bs. Whenever one or more bytes are transmitted, increase body’s transmitted bytes by the number of transmitted bytes and queue a fetch task on request to process request body for request.

            This step blocks until bs is fully transmitted.

         3. Set read to the result of reading a chunk from body’s stream with reader.

      3. Otherwise, if read is fulfilled with an object whose done property is true, then queue a fetch task on request to process request end-of-body for request and abort these in-parallel steps.

      4. Otherwise, if read is rejected with an "AbortError" DOMException, terminate the ongoing fetch with the aborted flag set.

      5. Otherwise, terminate the ongoing fetch.

   2. If aborted, then abort these in-parallel steps.

To add a range header to a request request, with an integer first, and an optional integer last, run these steps:

1. Let rangeValue be `bytes `.

2. Serialize and isomorphic encode first, and append the result to rangeValue.

3. Append 0x2D (-) to rangeValue.

4. If last is given, then serialize and isomorphic encode it, and append the result to rangeValue.

5. Append `Range`/rangeValue to request’s header list.

A range header denotes an inclusive byte range. There a range header where first is 0 and last is 500, is a range of 501 bytes.

Features that combine multiple responses into one logical resource are historically a source of security bugs. Please seek security review for features that deal with partial responses.

2.2.6. Responses

The result of fetch is a response. A response evolves over time. That is, not all its fields are available straight away.

A response has an associated type which is "basic", "cors", "default", "error", "opaque", or "opaqueredirect". Unless stated otherwise, it is "default".

A response can have an associated aborted flag, which is initially unset.

This indicates that the request was intentionally aborted by the developer or end-user.

A response has an associated url. It is a pointer to the last response URL in response’s url list and null if response’s url list is the empty list.

A response has an associated url list (a list of zero or more response URLs). Unless stated otherwise, it is the empty list.

Except for the last response URL, if any, a response’s url list cannot be exposed to script. That would violate atomic HTTP redirect handling.

A response has an associated status, which is a status. Unless stated otherwise it is 200.

A response has an associated status message. Unless stated otherwise it is the empty byte sequence.

Responses over an HTTP/2 connection will always have the empty byte sequence as status message as HTTP/2 does not support them.

A response has an associated header list (a header list). Unless stated otherwise it is empty.

A response has an associated body (null or a body). Unless stated otherwise it is null.

A response has an associated trailer (a header list). Unless stated otherwise it is empty.

A response has an associated trailer failed flag, which is initially unset.

A response has an associated cache state (the empty string or "local"). Unlesss stated otherwise, it is the empty string.

This is intended solely for usage by service workers. [SW]

A response has an associated HTTPS state (an HTTPS state value). Unless stated otherwise, it is "none".

A response has an associated CSP list, which is a list of Content Security Policy objects for the response. The list is empty unless otherwise specified. [CSP]

A response has an associated CORS-exposed header-name list (a list of zero or more header names). The list is empty unless otherwise specified.

A response will typically get its CORS-exposed header-name list set by extracting header values from the `Access-Control-Expose-Headers` header. This list is used by a CORS filtered response to determine which headers to expose.

A response has an associated range-requested flag, which is initially unset.

This is used to ensure to prevent a partial response from an earlier ranged request being provided to an API that didn’t make a range request. See the flag’s usage for a detailed description of the attack.

A response can have an associated location URL (null, failure, or a URL). Unless specified otherwise, response has no location URL.

This concept is used for redirect handling in Fetch and in HTML’s navigate algorithm. It ensures `Location` has its value extracted consistently and only once. [HTML]

A response whose type is "error" and aborted flag is set is known as an aborted network error.

A response whose type is "error" is known as a network error.

A network error is a response whose status is always 0, status message is always the empty byte sequence, header list is always empty, body is always null, and trailer is always empty.

A filtered response is a limited view on a response that is not a network error. This response is referred to as the filtered response’s associated internal response.

The fetch algorithm returns such a view to ensure APIs do not accidentally leak information. If the information needs to be exposed for legacy reasons, e.g., to feed image data to a decoder, the associated internal response can be used, which is only "accessible" to internal specification algorithms and is never a filtered response itself.

A basic filtered response is a filtered response whose type is "basic" and header list excludes any headers in internal response’s header list whose name is a forbidden response-header name.

A CORS filtered response is a filtered response whose type is "cors", header list excludes any headers in internal response’s header list whose name is not a CORS-safelisted response-header name, given internal response’s CORS-exposed header-name list, and trailer is empty.

An opaque filtered response is a filtered response whose type is "opaque", url list is the empty list, status is 0, status message is the empty byte sequence, header list is empty, body is null, and trailer is empty.

An opaque-redirect filtered response is a filtered response whose type is "opaqueredirect", status is 0, status message is the empty byte sequence, header list is empty, body is null, and trailer is empty.

To clone a response response, run these steps:

1. If response is a filtered response, then return a new identical filtered response whose internal response is a clone of response’s internal response.

2. Let newResponse be a copy of response, except for its body.

3. If response’s body is non-null, then set newResponse’s body to the result of cloning response’s body.

4. Return newResponse.

2.2.7. Miscellaneous

A potential destination is "fetch" or a destination which is not the empty string.

To translate a potential destination potentialDestination, run these steps:

1. If potentialDestination is "fetch", then return the empty string.

2. Assert: potentialDestination is a destination.

3. Return potentialDestination.

2.3. Authentication entries

An authentication entry and a proxy-authentication entry are tuples of username, password, and realm, used for HTTP authentication and HTTP proxy authentication, and associated with one or more requests.

User agents should allow both to be cleared together with HTTP cookies and similar tracking functionality.

Further details are defined by HTTP. [HTTP] [HTTP-SEMANTICS] [HTTP-COND] [HTTP-CACHING] [HTTP-AUTH]

2.4. Fetch groups

Each environment settings object has an associated fetch group.

A fetch group holds an ordered list of fetch records.

A fetch record has an associated request (a request).

A fetch record has an associated fetch (a fetch algorithm or null).

When a fetch group is terminated, for each associated fetch record whose request’s done flag or keepalive flag is unset, terminate the fetch record’s fetch.

2.5. Connections

A user agent has an associated connection pool. A connection pool consists of zero or more connections. Each connection is identified by an origin (an origin) and credentials (a boolean).

To obtain a connection, given an origin and credentials, run these steps:

1. If connection pool contains a connection whose origin is origin and credentials is credentials, then return that connection.

2. Let connection be null.

3. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

   1. Set connection to the result of establishing an HTTP connection to origin. [HTTP] [HTTP-SEMANTICS] [HTTP-COND] [HTTP-CACHING] [HTTP-AUTH] [TLS]

      If credentials is false, then do not send a TLS client certificate.

      If establishing a connection does not succeed (e.g., a DNS, TCP, or TLS error), then return failure.

4. If aborted, then:

   1. If connection is not null, then close connection.

   2. Return failure.

5. Add connection to the connection pool with origin being origin and credentials being credentials.

6. Return connection.

This is intentionally a little vague as the finer points are still evolving. Describing this helps explain the <link rel=preconnect> feature and clearly stipulates that connections are keyed on credentials. The latter clarifies that e.g., TLS session identifiers are not reused across connections whose credentials are false with connections whose credentials are true.

2.6. Port blocking

To determine whether fetching a request request should be blocked due to a bad port, run these steps:

1. Let url be request’s current url.

2. Let scheme be url’s scheme.

3. Let port be url’s port.

4. If scheme is "ftp" and port is 20 or 21, then return allowed.

5. Otherwise, if scheme is a network scheme and port is a bad port, then return blocked.

6. Return allowed.

A port is a bad port if it is listed in the first column of the following table.

2.7. Should response to request be blocked due to its MIME type?

Run these steps:

1. Let mimeType be the result of extracting a MIME type from response’s header list.

2. Let destination be request’s destination.

3. If destination is script-like and one of the following is true, then return blocked:

   • mimeType starts with `audio/`, `image/`, or `video/`.
   • mimeType is `text/csv`.

4. Return allowed.

2.8. Client hints list

This section will be integrated into HTTP Client Hints. [CLIENT-HINTS]

A client hints list is a list of Client hint tokens, each of which is one of `DPR`, `Save-Data`, `Viewport-Width`, or `Width`.

2.9. Streams

This section might be integrated into other standards, such as IDL.

2.9.1. ReadableStream

A ReadableStream object represents a stream of data. In this section, we define common operations for ReadableStream objects. [STREAMS]

To enqueue chunk into a ReadableStream object stream, run these steps:

1. Call ReadableStreamDefaultControllerEnqueue(stream.[[readableStreamController]], chunk).

To close a ReadableStream object stream, run these steps:

1. Call ReadableStreamDefaultControllerClose(stream.[[readableStreamController]]).

To error a ReadableStream object stream with given reason, run these steps:

1. Call ReadableStreamDefaultControllerError(stream.[[readableStreamController]]). reason).

To construct a ReadableStream object optionally with a highWaterMark, sizeAlgorithm algorithm, pull action, and cancel action, run these steps:

This algorithm used to take a strategy parameter, whose highWaterMark and sizeAlgorithm members were extracted to provide what are now separate parameters. If another specification still passes that strategy parameter, please update it.

1. Let startAlgorithm be an algorithm that returns undefined.

2. If pull is absent, then set it to an action that returns undefined.

3. Let pullAlgorithm be an algorithm that returns the result of promise-calling pull().

4. If cancel is absent, then set it to an action that returns undefined.

5. Let cancelAlgorithm be an algorithm that takes a reason and returns the result of promise-calling cancel(reason).

6. If highWaterMark is absent, then set it to 1.

7. If sizeAlgorithm is absent, then set it to an algorithm that returns 1.

8. Return CreateReadableStream(startAlgorithm, pullAlgorithm, cancelAlgorithm, highWaterMark, sizeAlgorithm).

To construct a fixed ReadableStream object with given chunks, run these steps:

1. Let stream be the result of constructing a ReadableStream object.

2. For each chunk in chunks, enqueue chunk into stream.

3. Close stream.

4. Return stream.

To get a reader from a ReadableStream object stream, run these steps:

1. Let reader be the result of calling AcquireReadableStreamDefaultReader(stream).

2. Return reader.

To read a chunk from a ReadableStream object with reader, return the result of calling ReadableStreamDefaultReaderRead(reader).

To read all bytes from a ReadableStream object with reader, run these steps:

1. Let promise be a new promise.

2. Let bytes be an empty byte sequence.

3. Let read be the result of calling ReadableStreamDefaultReaderRead(reader).

   • When read is fulfilled with an object whose done property is false and whose value property is a Uint8Array object, append the value property to bytes and run the above step again.

   • When read is fulfilled with an object whose done property is true, resolve promise with bytes.

   • When read is fulfilled with a value that matches with neither of the above patterns, reject promise with a TypeError.

   • When read is rejected with an error, reject promise with that error.

4. Return promise.

To cancel a ReadableStream object stream with reason, return the result of calling ReadableStreamCancel(stream, reason).

Because the reader grants exclusive access, the actual mechanism of how to read cannot be observed. Implementations could use more direct mechanism if convenient.

To tee a ReadableStream object stream, run these steps:

1. Return the result of calling ReadableStreamTee(stream, true).

An empty ReadableStream object is the result of constructing a fixed ReadableStream object with an empty list.

Constructing an empty ReadableStream object will not throw an exception.

A ReadableStream object stream is said to be readable if stream.[[state]] is "readable".

A ReadableStream object stream is said to be closed if stream.[[state]] is "closed".

A ReadableStream object stream is said to be errored if stream.[[state]] is "errored".

A ReadableStream object stream is said to be locked if the result of calling IsReadableStreamLocked(stream) is true.

A ReadableStream object stream is said to need more data if the following conditions hold:

• stream is readable.

• The result of calling ReadableStreamDefaultControllerGetDesiredSize(stream.[[readableStreamController]]). is positive.

A ReadableStream object stream is said to be disturbed if the result of calling IsReadableStreamDisturbed(stream) is true.

3. HTTP extensions

3.1. `Origin` header

The `Origin` request header indicates where a fetch originates from.

The `Origin` header is a version of the `Referer` [sic] header that does not reveal a path. It is used for all HTTP fetches whose CORS flag is set as well as those where request’s method is neither `GET` nor `HEAD`. Due to compatibility constraints it is not included in all fetches.

Its value ABNF:

Origin                           = origin-or-null

origin-or-null                   = origin / %x6E.75.6C.6C ; "null", case-sensitive
origin                           = scheme "://" host [ ":" port ]

This supplants the `Origin` header. [ORIGIN]

3.2. CORS protocol

To allow sharing responses cross-origin and allow for more versatile fetches than possible with HTML’s form element, the CORS protocol exists. It is layered on top of HTTP and allows responses to declare they can be shared with other origins.

It needs to be an opt-in mechanism to prevent leaking data from responses behind a firewall (intranets). Additionally, for requests including credentials it needs to be opt-in to prevent leaking potentially-sensitive data.

This section explains the CORS protocol as it pertains to server developers. Requirements for user agents are part of the fetch algorithm, except for the new HTTP header syntax.

3.2.1. General

The CORS protocol consists of a set of headers that indicates whether a response can be shared cross-origin.

For requests that are more involved than what is possible with HTML’s form element, a CORS-preflight request is performed, to ensure request’s current url supports the CORS protocol.

3.2.2. HTTP requests

A CORS request is an HTTP request that includes an `Origin` header. It cannot be reliably identified as participating in the CORS protocol as the `Origin` header is also included for all requests whose method is neither `GET` nor `HEAD`.

A CORS-preflight request is a CORS request that checks to see if the CORS protocol is understood. It uses `OPTIONS` as method and includes these headers:

`Access-Control-Request-Method`

Indicates which method a future CORS request to the same resource might use.

`Access-Control-Request-Headers`

Indicates which headers a future CORS request to the same resource might use.

3.2.3. HTTP responses

An HTTP response to a CORS request can include the following headers:

`Access-Control-Allow-Origin`

Indicates whether the response can be shared, via returning the literal value of the `Origin` request header (which can be `null`) or `*` in a response.

`Access-Control-Allow-Credentials`

Indicates whether the response can be shared when request’s credentials mode is "include".

For a CORS-preflight request, request’s credentials mode is always "omit", but for any subsequent CORS requests it might not be. Support therefore needs to be indicated as part of the HTTP response to the CORS-preflight request as well.

An HTTP response to a CORS-preflight request can include the following headers:

`Access-Control-Allow-Methods`

Indicates which methods are supported by the response’s url for the purposes of the CORS protocol.

The `Allow` header is not relevant for the purposes of the CORS protocol.

`Access-Control-Allow-Headers`

Indicates which headers are supported by the response’s url for the purposes of the CORS protocol.

`Access-Control-Max-Age`

Indicates how long the information provided by the `Access-Control-Allow-Methods` and `Access-Control-Allow-Headers` headers can be cached.

An HTTP response to a CORS request that is not a CORS-preflight request can also include the following header:

`Access-Control-Expose-Headers`

Indicates which headers can be exposed as part of the response by listing their names.

In case a server does not wish to participate in the CORS protocol, its HTTP response to the CORS or CORS-preflight request must not include any of the above headers. The server is encouraged to use the 403 status in such HTTP responses.

3.2.4. HTTP new-header syntax

ABNF for the values of the headers used by the CORS protocol:

Access-Control-Request-Method    = method
Access-Control-Request-Headers   = 1#field-name

wildcard                         = "*"
Access-Control-Allow-Origin      = origin-or-null / wildcard
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials = %x74.72.75.65 ; "true", case-sensitive
Access-Control-Expose-Headers    = #field-name
Access-Control-Max-Age           = delta-seconds
Access-Control-Allow-Methods     = #method
Access-Control-Allow-Headers     = #field-name

For `Access-Control-Expose-Headers`, `Access-Control-Allow-Methods`, and `Access-Control-Allow-Headers` response headers the value `*` counts as a wildcard for requests without credentials. For such requests there is no way to solely match a header name or method that is `*`.

3.2.5. CORS protocol and credentials

When request’s credentials mode is "include" it has an impact on the functioning of the CORS protocol other than including credentials in the fetch.

var client = new XMLHttpRequest()
client.open("GET", "./")
client.withCredentials = true
/* … */

A request’s credentials mode is not necessarily observable on the server; only when credentials exist for a request can it be observed by virtue of the credentials being included. Note that even so, a CORS-preflight request never includes credentials.

The server developer therefore needs to decide whether or not responses "tainted" with credentials can be shared. And also needs to decide if requests necessitating a CORS-preflight request can include credentials. Generally speaking, both sharing responses and allowing requests with credentials is rather unsafe, and extreme care has to be taken to avoid the confused deputy problem.

To share responses with credentials, the `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` and `Access-Control-Allow-Credentials` headers are important. The following table serves to illustrate the various legal and illegal combinations for a request to https://rabbit.invalid/:

Similarly, `Access-Control-Expose-Headers`, `Access-Control-Allow-Methods`, and `Access-Control-Allow-Headers` response headers can only use `*` as value when request’s credentials mode is not "include".

3.2.6. Examples

var url = "https://bar.invalid/api?key=730d67a37d7f3d802e96396d00280768773813fbe726d116944d814422fc1a45&data=about:unicorn";
fetch(url).then(success, failure)

Origin: https://foo.invalid

fetch(url).then(response => {
  var hsts = response.headers.get("strict-transport-security"),
      csp = response.headers.get("content-security-policy")
  log(hsts, csp)
})

Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains; preload
Access-Control-Expose-Headers: Content-Security-Policy

fetch(url, { credentials:"include" }).then(success, failure)

Access-Control-Allow-Origin: https://foo.invalid
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true

3.2.7. CORS protocol exceptions

Specifications have allowed limited exceptions to the CORS safelist for non-safelisted `Content-Type` header values. These exceptions are made for requests that can be triggered by web content but whose headers and bodies can be only minimally controlled by the web content. Therefore, servers should expect cross-origin web content to be allowed to trigger non-preflighted requests with the following non-safelisted `Content-Type` header values:

• `application/csp-report` [CSP]
• `application/expect-ct-report+json` [EXPECT-CT]
• `application/xss-auditor-report`
• `application/ocsp-request` [OCSP]

Specifications should avoid introducing new exceptions and should only do so with careful consideration for the security consequences. New exceptions can be proposed by filing an issue.

3.3. `X-Content-Type-Options` header

The `X-Content-Type-Options` response header can be used to require checking of a response’s `Content-Type` header against the destination of a request.

Its value ABNF:

X-Content-Type-Options           = "nosniff" ; case-insensitive

3.3.1. Should response to request be blocked due to nosniff?

Run these steps:

1. If response’s header list does not contain `X-Content-Type-Options`, then return allowed.

2. Let nosniff be the result of extracting header values from the first header whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for `X-Content-Type-Options` in response’s header list.

3. If nosniff is failure, then return allowed.

4. Let mimeType be the result of extracting a MIME type from response’s header list.

5. Let destination be request’s destination.

6. If destination is script-like and mimeType (ignoring parameters) is not a JavaScript MIME type, then return blocked.

7. If destination is "style" and mimeType (ignoring parameters) is not `text/css`, then return blocked.

8. Return allowed.

Only request destinations that are script-like or "style" are considered as any exploits pertain to them. Also, considering "image" was not compatible with deployed content.

3.4. CORB

Cross-origin read blocking, better known as CORB, is an algorithm which identifies dubious cross-origin resource fetches (e.g., fetches that would fail anyway like attempts to render JSON inside an img element) and blocks them before they reach a web page. CORB reduces the risk of leaking sensitive data by keeping it further from cross-origin web pages.

A CORB-protected MIME type is an HTML MIME type, a JSON MIME type, or an XML MIME type excluding image/svg+xml.

Even without CORB, accessing the content of cross-origin resources with CORB-protected MIME types is either managed by the CORS protocol (e.g., in case of XMLHttpRequest), not observable (e.g., in case of pings or CSP reports which ignore the response), or would result in an error (e.g., when failing to decode an HTML document embedded in an img element as an image). This means that CORB can block CORB-protected MIME types resources without being disruptive to web pages.

To perform a CORB check, given a request and response, run these steps:

1. If request’s initiator is "download", then return allowed.

   If we recast downloading as navigation this step can be removed.

2. If request’s current url’s scheme is not an HTTP(S) scheme, then return allowed.

3. Let mimeType be the result of extracting a MIME type from response’s header list.

4. If response’s status is 206 and mimeType (ignoring parameters) is a CORB-protected MIME type, then return blocked.

5. Let nosniff be the result of extracting header values from the first header whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for `X-Content-Type-Options` in response’s header list.

6. If nosniff is not failure and mimeType (ignoring parameters) is a CORB-protected MIME type or text/plain, then return blocked.

   CORB only protects text/plain responses with a `X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff` header. Unfortunately, protecting such responses without that header when their status is 206 would break too many existing video responses that have a text/plain MIME type.

7. Return allowed.

3.5. `Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy` header

The `Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy` response header can be used to require checking a request’s current url’s origin against a request’s origin when request’s mode is "no-cors".

Its value ABNF:

Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy     = %x73.61.6D.65.2D.6F.72.69.67.69.6E / %x73.61.6D.65.2D.73.69.74.65 ; "same-origin" / "same-site", case-sensitive

To perform a cross-origin resource policy check, given a request and response, run these steps:

1. If request’s mode is not "no-cors", then return allowed.

2. If request’s origin is same origin with request’s current url’s origin, then return allowed.

   While redirects that carry a `Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy` header are checked, redirects without such a header resulting in response do not contribute to this algorithm. I.e., request’s tainted origin flag is not checked.

3. Let policy be the combined value with `Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy` and response’s header list.

   This means that `Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy: same-site, same-origin` ends up as allowed below as it will never match anything. Two or more `Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy` headers will have the same effect.

4. If policy is `same-origin`, then return blocked.

5. If the following are true

   • request’s origin’s host is same site with request’s current url’s host
   • request’s origin’s scheme is "https" or response’s HTTPS state is "none"

   then return allowed.

   This prevents HTTPS responses with `Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy: same-site` from being accessed without secure transport.

6. If policy is `same-site`, then return blocked.

7. Return allowed.

4. Fetching

To perform a fetch using request, run the steps below. An ongoing fetch can be terminated with flag aborted, which is unset unless otherwise specified.

The user agent may be asked to suspend the ongoing fetch. The user agent may either accept or ignore the suspension request. The suspended fetch can be resumed. The user agent should ignore the suspension request if the ongoing fetch is updating the response in the HTTP cache for the request.

The user agent does not update the entry in the HTTP cache for a request if request’s cache mode is "no-store" or a `Cache-Control: no-store` header appears in the response. [HTTP-CACHING]

1. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

   1. If request’s window is "client", set request’s window to request’s client, if request’s client’s global object is a Window object, and to "no-window" otherwise.

   2. If request’s origin is "client", set request’s origin to request’s client’s origin.

   3. If request’s header list does not contain `Accept`, then:

      1. Let value be `*/*`.

      2. If request is a navigation request, a user agent should set value to `text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8`.

      3. Otherwise, a user agent should set value to the first matching statement, if any, switching on request’s destination:

         "image"

         `image/png,image/svg+xml,image/*;q=0.8,*/*;q=0.5`

         "style"

         `text/css,*/*;q=0.1`

      4. Append `Accept`/value to request’s header list.

   4. If request’s header list does not contain `Accept-Language`, user agents should append `Accept-Language`/an appropriate value to request’s header list.

   5. If request’s priority is null, then use request’s initiator and destination appropriately in setting request’s priority to a user-agent-defined object.

      The user-agent-defined object could encompass stream weight and dependency for HTTP/2, and equivalent information used to prioritize dispatch and processing of HTTP/1 fetches.

   6. If request is a navigation request, a user agent should, for each header name (hintName) in the first column of the following table, if request’s header list does not contain hintName, then append hintName/the value given in the same row on the second column, to request’s header list.

      Name	Value
      `DPR`	a suitable dpr value
      `Save-Data`	a suitable save-data value
      `Viewport-Width`	a suitable viewport-width value

   7. If request is a subresource request, then:

      1. For each hintName of request’s client hints list:

         1. Let value be the first matching statement, switching on hintName:

            `DPR`

            a suitable dpr value

            `Save-Data`

            a suitable save-data value

            `Viewport-Width`

            a suitable viewport-width value

            `Width`

            a suitable width value

         2. A user agent should append hintName/value to request’s header list.

      2. Let record be a new fetch record consisting of request and this instance of the fetch algorithm.

      3. Append record to request’s client’s fetch group list of fetch records.

2. If aborted, then:

   1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

   2. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

   3. Return a network error.

3. Return the result of performing a main fetch using request.

4.1. Main fetch

To perform a main fetch using request, optionally with a CORS flag and recursive flag, run these steps:

When main fetch is invoked recursively recursive flag is set. CORS flag is a bookkeeping detail for handling redirects.

1. Let response be null.

2. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

   1. If request’s local-URLs-only flag is set and request’s current url is not local, set response to a network error.

   2. Execute Report Content Security Policy violations for request. [CSP]

   3. Upgrade request to a potentially secure URL, if appropriate. [UPGRADE]

   4. If should fetching request be blocked due to a bad port, should fetching request be blocked as mixed content, or should fetching request be blocked by Content Security Policy returns blocked, set response to a network error. [MIX] [CSP]

   5. If request’s referrer policy is the empty string and request’s client is non-null, then set request’s referrer policy to request’s client’s referrer policy. [REFERRER]

   6. If request’s referrer policy is the empty string, then set request’s referrer policy to "no-referrer-when-downgrade".

      We use "no-referrer-when-downgrade" because it is the historical default.

   7. If request’s referrer is not "no-referrer", set request’s referrer to the result of invoking determine request’s referrer. [REFERRER]

      As stated in Referrer Policy, user agents can provide the end user with options to override request’s referrer to "no-referrer" or have it expose less sensitive information.

   8. If request’s current URL’s scheme is "ftp", request’s client’s creation URL’s scheme is not "ftp", and request’s reserved client is either null or an environment whose target browsing context is a nested browsing context, then set response to a network error.

   9. Set request’s current url’s scheme to "https" if all of the following conditions are true:

      • request’s current url’s scheme is "http"
      • request’s current url’s host is a domain
      • Matching request’s current url’s host per Known HSTS Host Domain Name Matching results in either a superdomain match with an asserted includeSubDomains directive or a congruent match (with or without an asserted includeSubDomains directive) [HSTS]

3. If aborted, then:

   1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

   2. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

   3. Return a network error.

4. If request’s synchronous flag is unset and recursive flag is unset, run the remaining steps in parallel.

5. If response is null, then set response to the result of running the steps corresponding to the first matching statement:

   request’s current url’s origin is same origin with request’s origin and CORS flag is unset

   request’s current url’s scheme is "data"

   request’s mode is "navigate" or "websocket"

   1. Set request’s response tainting to "basic".

   2. Return the result of performing a scheme fetch using request.

   HTML assigns any documents and workers created from URLs whose scheme is "data" a unique opaque origin. Service workers can only be created from URLs whose scheme is an HTTP(S) scheme. [HTML] [SW]

   request’s mode is "same-origin"

   Return a network error.

   request’s mode is "no-cors"

   1. If request’s redirect mode is not "follow", then return a network error.

   2. Set request’s response tainting to "opaque".

   3. Let noCorsResponse be the result of performing a scheme fetch using request.

   4. If noCorsResponse is a filtered response or the CORB check with request and noCorsResponse returns allowed, then return noCorsResponse.

   5. Return a new response whose status is noCorsResponse’s status, HTTPS state is noCorsResponse’s HTTPS state, and CSP list is noCorsResponse’s CSP list.

      This is only an effective defense against side channel attacks if noCorsResponse is kept isolated from the process that initiated the request.

   request’s current url’s scheme is not an HTTP(S) scheme

   Return a network error.

   request’s use-CORS-preflight flag is set

   request’s unsafe-request flag is set and either request’s method is not a CORS-safelisted method or a header in request’s header list is not a CORS-safelisted request-header

   1. Set request’s response tainting to "cors".

   2. Let corsWithPreflightResponse be the result of performing an HTTP fetch using request with CORS flag and CORS-preflight flag set.

   3. If corsWithPreflightResponse is a network error, then clear cache entries using request.

   4. Return corsWithPreflightResponse.

   Otherwise

   1. Set request’s response tainting to "cors".

   2. Return the result of performing an HTTP fetch using request with CORS flag set.

6. If the recursive flag is set, return response.

7. If response is not a network error and response is not a filtered response, then:

   1. If request’s response tainting is "cors", then:

      1. Let headerNames be the result of extracting header list values given `Access-Control-Expose-Headers` and response’s header list.

      2. If request’s credentials mode is not "include" and headerNames contains `*`, then set response’s CORS-exposed header-name list to all unique header names in response’s header list.

      3. Otherwise, if headerNames is not null or failure, then set response’s CORS-exposed header-name list to headerNames.

         One of the headerNames can still be `*` at this point, but will only match a header whose name is `*`.

   2. Set response to the following filtered response with response as its internal response, depending on request’s response tainting:

      "basic"

      basic filtered response

      "cors"

      CORS filtered response

      "opaque"

      opaque filtered response

8. Let internalResponse be response, if response is a network error, and response’s internal response otherwise.

9. If internalResponse’s url list is empty, then set it to a copy of request’s url list.

   A response’s url list will typically be empty at this point, unless it came from a service worker, in which case it will only be empty if it was created through new Response().

10. Set internalResponse’s CSP list. [CSP]

11. If response is not a network error and any of the following algorithms returns blocked, then set response and internalResponse to a network error:

    • should internalResponse to request be blocked as mixed content [MIX]
    • should internalResponse to request be blocked by Content Security Policy [CSP]
    • should internalResponse to request be blocked due to its MIME type
    • should internalResponse to request be blocked due to nosniff

12. If response’s type is "opaque", internalResponse’s status is 206, internalResponse’s range-requested flag is set, and request’s header list does not contain `Range`, then set response and internalResponse to a network error.

    Traditionally, APIs accept a ranged response even if a range was not requested. This prevents a partial response from an earlier ranged request being provided to an API that did not make a range request.

    Further details

    The above steps prevent the following attack attack:

    A media element is used to request a range of a cross-origin HTML resource. Although this is invalid media, a reference to a clone of the response can be retained in a service worker. This can later be used as the response to a script element’s fetch. If the partial response is valid JavaScript (even though the whole resource is not), executing it would leak private data.

13. If response is not a network error and either request’s method is `HEAD` or `CONNECT`, or internalResponse’s status is a null body status, set internalResponse’s body to null and disregard any enqueuing toward it (if any).

    This standardizes the error handling for servers that violate HTTP.

14. If response is not a network error and request’s integrity metadata is not the empty string, then:

    1. Wait for response’s body.

    2. If response’s body’s stream has not errored, and response does not match request’s integrity metadata, set response and internalResponse to a network error. [SRI]

    This operates on response as this algorithm is not supposed to observe internalResponse. That would allow an attacker to use hashes as an oracle.

15. If request’s synchronous flag is set, wait for internalResponse’s body, and then return response.

    This terminates fetch.

16. If request’s current url’s scheme is an HTTP(S) scheme, then:

    1. If request’s body is done, queue a fetch-request-done task for request.

    2. Otherwise, in parallel, wait for request’s body, and then queue a fetch-request-done task for request.

17. Queue a fetch task on request to process response for response.

18. Wait for internalResponse’s body.

19. Queue a fetch task on request to process response end-of-body for response.

20. Wait for either internalResponse’s trailer, if any, or for the ongoing fetch to terminate. See section 4.1.2 of [HTTP].

21. If the ongoing fetch is terminated, then set internalResponse’s trailer failed flag.

22. Set request’s done flag.

23. Queue a fetch task on request to process response done for response.

4.2. Scheme fetch

To perform a scheme fetch using request, switch on request’s current url’s scheme, and run the associated steps:

"about"

If request’s current url’s cannot-be-a-base-URL flag is set and path contains a single string "blank", then return a new response whose status message is `OK`, header list consist of a single header whose name is `Content-Type` and value is `text/html;charset=utf-8`, body is the empty byte sequence, and HTTPS state is request’s client’s HTTPS state if request’s client is non-null.

Otherwise, return a network error.

URLs such as "about:config" are handled during navigation and result in a network error in the context of fetching.

"blob"

1. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

   1. Let blob be request’s current url’s object.

   2. If request’s method is not `GET` or blob is not a Blob object, then return a network error. [FILEAPI]

      The `GET` method restriction serves no useful purpose other than being interoperable.

   3. Let response be a new response whose status message is `OK`.

   4. Append `Content-Length`/blob’s size attribute value to response’s header list.

   5. Append `Content-Type`/blob’s type attribute value to response’s header list.

   6. Set response’s HTTPS state to request’s client’s HTTPS state if request’s client is non-null.

   7. Set response’s body to the result of performing the read operation on blob.

   8. Return response.

2. If aborted, then:

   1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

   2. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

   3. Return a network error.

"data"

1. Let dataURLStruct be the result of running the data: URL processor on request’s current url.

2. If dataURLStruct is failure, then return a network error.

3. Return a response whose status message is `OK`, header list consist of a single header whose name is `Content-Type` and value is dataURLStruct’s MIME type, serialized, body is dataURLStruct’s body, and HTTPS state is request’s client’s HTTPS state if request’s client is non-null.

"file"

"ftp"

For now, unfortunate as it is, file and ftp URLs are left as an exercise for the reader.

When in doubt, return a network error.

"filesystem"

If request’s sandboxed-storage-area-URLs flag is set, return a network error.

Otherwise, … this scheme still needs to be defined.

HTTP(S) scheme

Return the result of performing an HTTP fetch using request.

Otherwise

Return a network error.

4.3. HTTP fetch

To perform an HTTP fetch using request with an optional CORS flag and CORS-preflight flag, run these steps:

CORS flag is still a bookkeeping detail. As is CORS-preflight flag; it indicates a CORS-preflight request is needed.

1. Let response be null.

2. Let actualResponse be null.

3. If request’s service-workers mode is "all", then:

   1. Set response to the result of invoking handle fetch for request. [HTML] [SW]

   2. If response is not null, then:

      1. Transmit body for request.

      2. Set actualResponse to response, if response is not a filtered response, and to response’s internal response otherwise.

      3. If one of the following conditions is true, then return a network error:

         • response’s type is "error".
         • request’s mode is "same-origin" and response’s type is "cors".
         • request’s mode is not "no-cors" and response’s type is "opaque".
         • request’s redirect mode is not "manual" and response’s type is "opaqueredirect".
         • request’s redirect mode is not "follow" and response’s url list has more than one item.

4. If response is null, then:

   1. If the CORS-preflight flag is set and one of these conditions is true:

      • There is no method cache match for request’s method using request, and either request’s method is a not a CORS-safelisted method or request’s use-CORS-preflight flag is set.
      • There is at least one header in request’s header list for whose name there is no header-name cache match using request and which is not a CORS-safelisted request-header.

      Then:

      1. Let preflightResponse be the result of performing a CORS-preflight fetch using request.

      2. If preflightResponse is a network error, then return preflightResponse.

      This step checks the CORS-preflight cache and if there is no suitable entry it performs a CORS-preflight fetch which, if successful, populates the cache. The purpose of the CORS-preflight fetch is to ensure the fetched resource is familiar with the CORS protocol. The cache is there to minimize the number of CORS-preflight fetches.

   2. If request’s redirect mode is "follow", then set request’s service-workers mode to "none".

      Redirects coming from the network (as opposed to from a service worker) are not to be exposed to a service worker.

   3. Set response and actualResponse to the result of performing an HTTP-network-or-cache fetch using request with CORS flag if set.

   4. If CORS flag is set and a CORS check for request and response returns failure, then return a network error.

      As the CORS check is not to be applied to responses whose status is 304 or 407, or responses from a service worker for that matter, it is applied here.

5. If actualResponse’s status is a redirect status, then:

   1. If actualResponse’s status is not 303, request’s body is not null, and the connection uses HTTP/2, then user agents may, and are even encouraged to, transmit an RST_STREAM frame.

      303 is excluded as certain communities ascribe special status to it.

   2. Let location be the result of extracting header list values given `Location` and actualResponse’s header list.

   3. If location is a value, then set location to the result of parsing location with actualResponse’s url.

   4. Set actualResponse’s location URL to location.

   5. Switch on request’s redirect mode:

      "error"

      Set response to a network error.

      "manual"

      Set response to an opaque-redirect filtered response whose internal response is actualResponse.

      "follow"

      Set response to the result of performing HTTP-redirect fetch using request and response with CORS flag if set.

6. Return response. Typically actualResponse’s body’s stream is still being enqueued to after returning.

4.4. HTTP-redirect fetch

This algorithm is used by HTML’s navigate algorithm in addition to HTTP fetch above. [HTML]

To perform an HTTP-redirect fetch using request and response, with an optional CORS flag, run these steps:

1. Let actualResponse be response, if response is not a filtered response, and response’s internal response otherwise.

2. If actualResponse’s location URL is null, then return response.

3. If actualResponse’s location URL is failure, then return a network error.

4. If actualResponse’s location URL’s scheme is not an HTTP(S) scheme, then return a network error.

5. If request’s redirect count is twenty, return a network error.

6. Increase request’s redirect count by one.

7. If request’s mode is "cors", actualResponse’s location URL includes credentials, and either request’s tainted origin flag is set or request’s origin is not same origin with actualResponse’s location URL’s origin, then return a network error.

8. If CORS flag is set and actualResponse’s location URL includes credentials, then return a network error.

   This catches a cross-origin resource redirecting to a same-origin URL.

9. If actualResponse’s status is not 303, request’s body is non-null, and request’s body’s source is null, then return a network error.

10. If actualResponse’s location URL’s origin is not same origin with request’s current url’s origin and request’s origin is not same origin with request’s current url’s origin, then set request’s tainted origin flag.

11. If either actualResponse’s status is 301 or 302 and request’s method is `POST`, or actualResponse’s status is 303, set request’s method to `GET` and request’s body to null.

12. If request’s body is non-null, then set request’s body to the first part of extracting request’s body’s source.

    request’s body’s source’s nullity has already been checked. The extracting operation cannot throw as it was called for the same source before.

13. Append actualResponse’s location URL to request’s url list.

14. Invoke set request’s referrer policy on redirect on request and actualResponse. [REFERRER]

15. Return the result of performing a main fetch using request with

    • CORS flag if set and

    • recursive flag set if request’s redirect mode is not "manual".

      It can only be "manual" when invoked directly from HTML’s navigate algorithm.

    This has to invoke main fetch to get response tainting correct.

4.5. HTTP-network-or-cache fetch

To perform an HTTP-network-or-cache fetch using request with an optional CORS flag and authentication-fetch flag, run these steps:

CORS flag is still a bookkeeping detail. As is authentication-fetch flag.

Some implementations might support caching of partial content, as per HTTP Range Requests. [HTTP-RANGE] However, this is not widely supported by browser caches.

1. Let httpRequest be null.

2. Let response be null.

3. Let storedResponse be null.

4. Let the revalidatingFlag be unset.

5. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

   1. If request’s window is "no-window" and request’s redirect mode is "error", then set httpRequest to request.

   2. Otherwise:

      1. Set httpRequest to a copy of request except for its body.

      2. Let body be request’s body.

      3. Set httpRequest’s body to body.

      4. If body is non-null, then set request’s body to a new body whose stream is null and whose source is body’s source.

      request is copied as httpRequest here as we need to be able to add headers to httpRequest and read its body without affecting request. Namely, request can be reused with redirects, authentication, and proxy authentication. We copy rather than clone in order to reduce memory consumption. In case request’s body’s source is null, redirects and authentication will end up failing the fetch.

   3. Let credentials flag be set if one of

      • request’s credentials mode is "include"
      • request’s credentials mode is "same-origin" and request’s response tainting is "basic"

      is true, and unset otherwise.

   4. Let contentLengthValue be null.

   5. If httpRequest’s body is null and httpRequest’s method is `POST` or `PUT`, then set contentLengthValue to `0`.

   6. If httpRequest’s body is non-null and httpRequest’s body’s source is non-null, then set contentLengthValue to httpRequest’s body’s total bytes, serialized and isomorphic encoded.

   7. If contentLengthValue is non-null, append `Content-Length`/contentLengthValue to httpRequest’s header list.

   8. If contentLengthValue is non-null and httpRequest’s keepalive flag is set, then:

      1. Let inflightKeepaliveBytes be zero.

      2. Let group be httpRequest’s client’s fetch group.

      3. Let inflightRecords be the set of fetch records in group whose request has its keepalive flag set and done flag unset.

      4. For each fetchRecord in inflightRecords:

         1. Let inflightRequest be fetchRecord’s request.

         2. Increment inflightKeepaliveBytes by inflightRequest’s body’s total bytes.

      5. If the sum of contentLengthValue and inflightKeepaliveBytes is greater than 64 kibibytes, then return a network error.

      The above limit ensures that requests that are allowed to outlive the environment settings object and contain a body, have a bounded size and are not allowed to stay alive indefinitely.

   9. If httpRequest’s referrer is a URL, then append `Referer`/httpRequest’s referrer, serialized and isomorphic encoded, to httpRequest’s header list.

   10. If the CORS flag is set, httpRequest’s method is neither `GET` nor `HEAD`, or httpRequest’s mode is "websocket", then append `Origin`/the result of serializing a request origin with httpRequest, to httpRequest’s header list.

   11. If httpRequest’s header list does not contain `User-Agent`, then user agents should append `User-Agent`/default `User-Agent` value to httpRequest’s header list.

   12. If httpRequest’s cache mode is "default" and httpRequest’s header list contains `If-Modified-Since`, `If-None-Match`, `If-Unmodified-Since`, `If-Match`, or `If-Range`, then set httpRequest’s cache mode to "no-store".

   13. If httpRequest’s cache mode is "no-cache" and httpRequest’s header list does not contain `Cache-Control`, then append `Cache-Control`/`max-age=0` to httpRequest’s header list.

   14. If httpRequest’s cache mode is "no-store" or "reload", then:

       1. If httpRequest’s header list does not contain `Pragma`, then append `Pragma`/`no-cache` to httpRequest’s header list.

       2. If httpRequest’s header list does not contain `Cache-Control`, then append `Cache-Control`/`no-cache` to httpRequest’s header list.

   15. If httpRequest’s header list contains `Range`, then append `Accept-Encoding`/`identity` to httpRequest’s header list.

       This avoids a failure when handling content codings with a part of an encoded response.

       Additionally, many servers mistakenly ignore `Range` headers if a non-identity encoding is accepted.

   16. Modify httpRequest’s header list per HTTP. Do not append a given header if httpRequest’s header list contains that header’s name.

       It would be great if we could make this more normative somehow. At this point headers such as `Accept-Encoding`, `Connection`, `DNT`, and `Host`, are to be appended if necessary.

       `Accept`, `Accept-Charset`, and `Accept-Language` must not be included at this point.

       `Accept` and `Accept-Language` are already included (unless fetch() is used, which does not include the latter by default), and `Accept-Charset` is a waste of bytes. See HTTP header layer division for more details.

   17. If credentials flag is set, then:

       1. If the user agent is not configured to block cookies for httpRequest (see section 7 of [COOKIES]), then:

          1. Let cookies be the result of running the "cookie-string" algorithm (see section 5.4 of [COOKIES]) with the user agent’s cookie store and httpRequest’s current url.

          2. If cookies is not the empty string, append `Cookie`/cookies to httpRequest’s header list.

       2. If httpRequest’s header list does not contain `Authorization`, then:

          1. Let authorizationValue be null.

          2. If there’s an authentication entry for httpRequest and either httpRequest’s use-URL-credentials flag is unset or httpRequest’s current url does not include credentials, then set authorizationValue to authentication entry.

          3. Otherwise, if httpRequest’s current url does include credentials and authentication-fetch flag is set, set authorizationValue to httpRequest’s current url, converted to an `Authorization` value.

          4. If authorizationValue is non-null, then append `Authorization`/authorizationValue to httpRequest’s header list.

   18. If there’s a proxy-authentication entry, use it as appropriate.

       This intentionally does not depend on httpRequest’s credentials mode.

   19. If httpRequest’s cache mode is neither "no-store" nor "reload", then:

       1. Set storedResponse to the result of selecting a response from the HTTP cache, possibly needing validation, as per the "Constructing Responses from Caches" chapter of HTTP Caching [HTTP-CACHING], if any.

          As mandated by HTTP, this still takes the `Vary` header into account.

       2. If storedResponse is non-null, then:

          1. If storedResponse requires validation (i.e., it is not fresh), then set the revalidatingFlag.

          2. If the revalidatingFlag is set and httpRequest’s cache mode is neither "force-cache" nor "only-if-cached", then:

             1. If storedResponse’s header list contains `ETag`, then append `If-None-Match` with its value to httpRequest’s header list.

             2. If storedResponse’s header list contains `Last-Modified`, then append `If-Modified-Since` with its value to httpRequest’s header list.

             See also the "Sending a Validation Request" chapter of HTTP Caching [HTTP-CACHING].

          3. Otherwise, set response to storedResponse and set response’s cache state to "local".

6. If aborted, then:

   1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

   2. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

   3. Return a network error.

7. If response is null, then:

   1. If httpRequest’s cache mode is "only-if-cached", then return a network error.

   2. Let forwardResponse be the result of making an HTTP-network fetch using httpRequest with credentials flag if set.

   3. If httpRequest’s method is unsafe and forwardResponse’s status is in the range 200 to 399, inclusive, invalidate appropriate stored responses in the HTTP cache, as per the "Invalidation" chapter of HTTP Caching, and set storedResponse to null. [HTTP-CACHING]

   4. If the revalidatingFlag is set and forwardResponse’s status is 304, then:

      1. Update storedResponse’s header list using forwardResponse’s header list, as per the "Freshening Stored Responses upon Validation" chapter of HTTP Caching. [HTTP-CACHING]

         This updates the stored response in cache as well.

      2. Set response to storedResponse.

   5. If response is null, then:

      1. Set response to forwardResponse.

      2. Store httpRequest and forwardResponse in the HTTP cache, as per the "Storing Responses in Caches" chapter of HTTP Caching. [HTTP-CACHING]

         If forwardResponse is a network error, this effectively caches the network error, which is sometimes known as "negative caching".

8. If httpRequest’s header list contains `Range`, then set response’s range-requested flag.

9. If the CORS flag is unset and the cross-origin resource policy check with request and response returns blocked, then return a network error.

10. If response’s status is 401, CORS flag is unset, credentials flag is set, and request’s window is an environment settings object, then:

    1. Needs testing: multiple `WWW-Authenticate` headers, missing, parsing issues.

    2. If request’s body is non-null, then:

       1. If request’s body’s source is null, then return a network error.

       2. Set request’s body to the first part of extracting request’s body’s source.

          The extracting operation cannot throw as it was called for the same source before.

    3. If request’s use-URL-credentials flag is unset or authentication-fetch flag is set, then:

       1. If the ongoing fetch is terminated, then:

          1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

          2. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

          3. Return a network error.

       2. Let username and password be the result of prompting the end user for a username and password, respectively, in request’s window.

       3. Set the username given request’s current url and username.

       4. Set the password given request’s current url and password.

    4. Set response to the result of performing an HTTP-network-or-cache fetch using request with authentication-fetch flag set.

11. If response’s status is 407, then:

    1. If request’s window is "no-window", then return a network error.

    2. Needs testing: multiple `Proxy-Authenticate` headers, missing, parsing issues.

    3. If the ongoing fetch is terminated, then:

       1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

       2. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

       3. Return a network error.

    4. Prompt the end user as appropriate in request’s window and store the result as a proxy-authentication entry. [HTTP-AUTH]

       Remaining details surrounding proxy authentication are defined by HTTP.

    5. Set response to the result of performing an HTTP-network-or-cache fetch using request with CORS flag if set.

12. If authentication-fetch flag is set, then create an authentication entry for request and the given realm.

13. Return response. Typically response’s body’s stream is still being enqueued to after returning.

4.6. HTTP-network fetch

To perform an HTTP-network fetch using request with an optional credentials flag, run these steps:

1. Let credentials be true if credentials flag is set, and false otherwise.

2. Let response be null.

3. Switch on request’s mode:

   "websocket"

   Let connection be the result of obtaining a WebSocket connection, given request’s current url.

   Otherwise

   Let connection be the result of obtaining a connection, given request’s current url’s origin and credentials.

4. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

   1. If connection is failure, return a network error.

   2. If connection is not an HTTP/2 connection, request’s body is non-null, and request’s body’s source is null, then append `Transfer-Encoding`/`chunked` to request’s header list.

   3. Set response to the result of making an HTTP request over connection using request with the following caveats:

      • Follow the relevant requirements from HTTP. [HTTP] [HTTP-SEMANTICS] [HTTP-COND] [HTTP-CACHING] [HTTP-AUTH]

      • Wait until all the headers are transmitted.

      • Any responses whose status is in the range 100 to 199, inclusive, and is not 101, are to be ignored.

        These kind of responses are eventually followed by a "final" response.

      The exact layering between Fetch and HTTP still needs to be sorted through and therefore response represents both a response and an HTTP response here.

      If request’s header list contains `Transfer-Encoding`/`chunked` and response is transferred via HTTP/1.0 or older, then return a network error.

      If the HTTP request results in a TLS client certificate dialog, then:

      1. If request’s window is an environment settings object, make the dialog available in request’s window.

      2. Otherwise, return a network error.

      If response was retrieved over HTTPS, set its HTTPS state to either "deprecated" or "modern". [TLS]

      The exact determination here is up to user agents for the time being. User agents are strongly encouraged to only succeed HTTPS connections with strong security properties and return network errors otherwise. Using the "deprecated" state value ought to be a temporary and last resort kind of option.

      Transmit body for request.

5. If aborted, then:

   1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

   2. If connection uses HTTP/2, then transmit an RST_STREAM frame.

   3. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

   4. Return a network error.

6. Let highWaterMark be a non-negative, non-NaN number, chosen by the user agent.

7. Let sizeAlgorithm be an algorithm that accepts a chunk object and returns a non-negative, non-NaN, non-infinite number, chosen by the user agent.

8. Let pull be an action that resumes the ongoing fetch if it is suspended.

9. Let cancel be an action that terminates the ongoing fetch with the aborted flag set.

10. Let stream be the result of constructing a ReadableStream object with highWaterMark, sizeAlgorithm, pull, and cancel.

    This construction operation will not throw an exception.

11. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

    1. Set response’s body to a new body whose stream is stream.

    2. If response has a payload body length, then set response’s body’s total bytes to that payload body length.

    3. Delete `Content-Encoding` from response’s header list if one of the following conditions is true:

       • Extracting header list values given `Content-Encoding` and response’s header list returns `gzip`, and extracting header list values given `Content-Type` and response’s header list returns `application/gzip`, `application/x-gunzip`, or `application/x-gzip`.

       • Extracting header list values given `Content-Encoding` and response’s header list returns `compress`, and extracting header list values given `Content-Type` and response’s header list returns `application/compress` or `application/x-compress.

       This deals with broken Apache configurations. Ideally HTTP would define this.

       Gecko bug 1030660 looks into whether this quirk can be removed.

    4. If response is not a network error and request’s cache mode is not "no-store", update response in the HTTP cache for request.

    5. If credentials flag is set and the user agent is not configured to block cookies for request (see section 7 of [COOKIES]), then run the "set-cookie-string" parsing algorithm (see section 5.2 of [COOKIES]) on the value of each header whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for `Set-Cookie` in response’s header list, if any, and request’s current url.

       This is a fingerprinting vector.

12. If aborted, then:

    1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

    2. If aborted is set, then set response’s aborted flag.

    3. Return response.

13. Run these steps in parallel:

    1. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

       1. While true:

          1. If one or more bytes have been transmitted from response’s message body, then:

             1. Let bytes be the transmitted bytes.

             2. Increase response’s body’s transmitted bytes with bytes’ length.

             3. Let codings be the result of extracting header list values given `Content-Encoding` and response’s header list.

             4. Set bytes to the result of handling content codings given codings and bytes.

                This makes the `Content-Length` header unreliable to the extent that it was reliable to begin with.

             5. If bytes is failure, then terminate the ongoing fetch.

             6. Enqueue a Uint8Array object wrapping an ArrayBuffer containing bytes to stream. If that threw an exception, terminate the ongoing fetch, and error stream with that exception.

             7. If stream doesn’t need more data and request’s synchronous flag is unset, ask the user agent to suspend the ongoing fetch.

          2. Otherwise, if the bytes transmission for response’s message body is done normally and stream is readable, then close stream and abort these in-parallel steps.

    2. If aborted, then:

       1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

       2. If aborted is set, then:

          1. Set response’s aborted flag.

          2. If stream is readable, error stream with an "AbortError" DOMException.

       3. Otherwise, if stream is readable, error stream with a TypeError.

       4. If connection uses HTTP/2, then transmit an RST_STREAM frame.

       5. Otherwise, the user agent should close connection unless it would be bad for performance to do so.

          For instance, the user agent could keep the connection open if it knows there’s only a few bytes of transfer remaining on a reusable connection. In this case it could be worse to close the connection and go through the handshake process again for the next fetch.

    These are run in parallel as at this point it is unclear whether response’s body is relevant (response might be a redirect).

14. Return response. Typically response’s body’s stream is still being enqueued to after returning.

4.7. CORS-preflight fetch

This is effectively the user agent implementation of the check to see if the CORS protocol is understood. The so-called CORS-preflight request. If successful it populates the CORS-preflight cache to minimize the number of these fetches.

To perform a CORS-preflight fetch using request, run these steps:

1. Let preflight be a new request whose method is `OPTIONS`, url is request’s current url, initiator is request’s initiator, destination is request’s destination, origin is request’s origin, referrer is request’s referrer, referrer policy is request’s referrer policy, and tainted origin flag is request’s tainted origin flag.

   The service-workers mode of preflight does not matter as this algorithm uses HTTP-network-or-cache fetch rather than HTTP fetch.

2. Set `Access-Control-Request-Method` to request’s method in preflight’s header list.

3. Let headers be the names of request’s header list’s headers, excluding CORS-safelisted request-headers and duplicates, sorted lexicographically, and byte-lowercased.

4. If headers is not empty, then:

   1. Let value be the items in headers separated from each other by `,`.

   2. Set `Access-Control-Request-Headers` to value in preflight’s header list.

   This intentionally does not use combine, as 0x20 following 0x2C is not the way this was implemented, for better or worse.

5. Let response be the result of performing an HTTP-network-or-cache fetch using preflight with the CORS flag set.

6. If a CORS check for request and response returns success and response’s status is an ok status, then:

   The CORS check is done on request rather than preflight to ensure the correct credentials mode is used.

   1. Let methods be the result of extracting header list values given `Access-Control-Allow-Methods` and response’s header list.

   2. Let headerNames be the result of extracting header list values given `Access-Control-Allow-Headers` and response’s header list.

   3. If either methods or headerNames is failure, return a network error.

   4. If methods is null and request’s use-CORS-preflight flag is set, then set methods to a new list containing request’s method.

      This ensures that a CORS-preflight fetch that happened due to request’s use-CORS-preflight flag being set is cached.

   5. If request’s method is not in methods, request’s method is not a CORS-safelisted method, and request’s credentials mode is "include" or methods does not contain `*`, then return a network error.

   6. If one of request’s header list’s names is a CORS non-wildcard request-header name and is not a byte-case-insensitive match for an item in headerNames, then return a network error.

   7. For each header in request’s header list: if header is not a CORS-safelisted request-header, header’s name is not a byte-case-insensitive match for an item in headerNames, and request’s credentials mode is "include" or headerNames does not contain `*`, then return a network error.

   8. Let max-age be the result of extracting header list values given `Access-Control-Max-Age` and response’s header list.

   9. If max-age is failure or null, then set max-age to zero.

   10. If max-age is greater than an imposed limit on max-age, then set max-age to the imposed limit.

   11. If the user agent does not provide for a cache, then return response.

   12. For each method in methods for which there is a method cache match using request, set matching entry’s max-age to max-age.

   13. For each method in methods for which there is no method cache match using request, create a new entry with request, max-age, method, and null.

   14. For each headerName in headerNames for which there is a header-name cache match using request, set matching entry’s max-age to max-age.

   15. For each headerName in headerNames for which there is no header-name cache match using request, create a new entry with request, max-age, null, and headerName.

   16. Return response.

7. Otherwise, return a network error.

4.8. CORS-preflight cache

A CORS-preflight cache consists of a collection of entries where each entry has these fields:

• serialized origin (a byte sequence)
• url (a URL)
• max-age (a number of seconds)
• credentials (a boolean)
• method (null, `*`, or a method)
• header name (null, `*`, or a header name)

Entries must be removed after the seconds specified in the max-age field have passed since storing the entry. Entries may be removed before that moment arrives.

To create a new entry in the CORS-preflight cache, given request, max-age, method, and headerName, do so as follows:

serialized origin

The result of serializing a request origin with request

url

request’s current url

max-age

max-age

credentials

True if request’s credentials mode is "include", and false otherwise

method

method

header name

headerName

To clear cache entries, given a request, remove any entries in the CORS-preflight cache whose serialized origin is the result of serializing a request origin with request and whose url is request’s current url.

There is a cache match for request if serialized origin is the result of serializing a request origin with request, url is request’s current url, and one of

• credentials is true
• credentials is false and request’s credentials mode is not "include".

is true.

There is a method cache match for method using request when there is an entry in CORS-preflight cache for which there is a cache match for request and its method is method or `*`.

There is a header-name cache match for headerName using request when there is an entry in CORS-preflight cache for which there is a cache match for request and one of

• header name is a byte-case-insensitive match for headerName
• header name is `*` and headerName is not a CORS non-wildcard request-header name

is true.

4.9. CORS check

To perform a CORS check for a request and response, run these steps:

1. Let origin be the result of extracting header list values given `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` and response’s header list.

   The above will fail for network errors, as they have no headers.

2. If origin is null or failure, return failure.

   Null is not `null`.

3. If request’s credentials mode is not "include" and origin is `*`, return success.

4. If the result of serializing a request origin with request is not origin, then return failure.

5. If request’s credentials mode is not "include", return success.

6. Let credentials be the result of extracting header list values given `Access-Control-Allow-Credentials` and response’s header list.

7. If credentials is `true`, return success.

8. Return failure.

5. Fetch API

The fetch() method is relatively low-level API for fetching resources. It covers slightly more ground than XMLHttpRequest, although it is currently lacking when it comes to request progression (not response progression).

fetch("/music/pk/altes-kamuffel.flac")
  .then(res => res.blob()).then(playBlob)

fetch("/", {method:"HEAD"})
  .then(res => log(res.headers.get("strict-transport-security")))

fetch("https://pk.example/berlin-calling.json", {mode:"cors"})
  .then(res => {
    if(res.headers.get("content-type") &&
       res.headers.get("content-type").toLowerCase().indexOf("application/json") >= 0) {
      return res.json()
    } else {
      throw new TypeError()
    }
  }).then(processJSON)

var url = new URL("https://geo.example.org/api"),
    params = {lat:35.696233, long:139.570431}
Object.keys(params).forEach(key => url.searchParams.append(key, params[key]))
fetch(url).then(/* … */)

function consume(reader) {
  var total = 0
  return pump()
  function pump() {
    return reader.read().then(({done, value}) => {
      if (done) {
        return
      }
      total += value.byteLength
      log(`received ${value.byteLength} bytes (${total} bytes in total)`)
      return pump()
    })
  }
}

fetch("/music/pk/altes-kamuffel.flac")
  .then(res => consume(res.body.getReader()))
  .then(() => log("consumed the entire body without keeping the whole thing in memory!"))
  .catch(e => log("something went wrong: " + e))

5.1. Headers class

typedef (sequence<sequence<ByteString>> or record<ByteString, ByteString>) HeadersInit;

[Constructor(optional HeadersInit init),
 Exposed=(Window,Worker)]
interface Headers {
  void append(ByteString name, ByteString value);
  void delete(ByteString name);
  ByteString? get(ByteString name);
  boolean has(ByteString name);
  void set(ByteString name, ByteString value);
  iterable<ByteString, ByteString>;
};

Unlike a header list, a Headers object cannot represent more than one `Set-Cookie` header. In a way this is problematic as unlike all other headers `Set-Cookie` headers cannot be combined, but since `Set-Cookie` headers are not exposed to client-side JavaScript this is deemed an acceptable compromise. Implementations could chose the more efficient Headers object representation even for a header list, as long as they also support an associated data structure for `Set-Cookie` headers.

var meta = { "Content-Type": "text/xml", "Breaking-Bad": "<3" }
new Headers(meta)

// The above is equivalent to
var meta = [
  [ "Content-Type", "text/xml" ],
  [ "Breaking-Bad", "<3" ]
]
new Headers(meta)

A Headers object has an associated header list (a header list), which is initially empty. This can be a pointer to the header list of something else, e.g., of a request as demonstrated by Request objects.

A Headers object also has an associated guard, which is "immutable", "request", "request-no-cors", "response" or "none".

To append a name/value (name/value) pair to a Headers object (headers), run these steps:

1. Normalize value.

2. If name is not a name or value is not a value, then throw a TypeError.

3. If guard is "immutable", then throw a TypeError.

4. Otherwise, if guard is "request" and name is a forbidden header name, return.

5. Otherwise, if guard is "request-no-cors" and name/value is not a CORS-safelisted request-header, then return.

6. Otherwise, if guard is "response" and name is a forbidden response-header name, return.

7. Append name/value to header list.

8. If headers’s guard is "request-no-cors", then remove privileged no-cors request headers from headers.

To fill a Headers object (headers) with a given object (object), run these steps:

1. If object is a sequence, then for each header in object:

   1. If header does not contain exactly two items, then throw a TypeError.

   2. Append header’s first item/header’s second item to headers.

2. Otherwise, object is a record, then for each key → value in object, append key/value to headers.

To remove privileged no-cors request headers from a Headers object (headers), run these steps:

1. For each headerName of privileged no-cors request-header names:

   1. Delete headerName from headers’s header list.

This is called when headers are modified by unprivileged code.

The Headers(init) constructor, when invoked, must run these steps:

1. Let headers be a new Headers object whose guard is "none".

2. If init is given, fill headers with init.

3. Return headers.

The append(name, value) method, when invoked, must append name/value to context object.

The delete(name) method, when invoked, must run these steps:

1. If name is not a name, then throw a TypeError.

2. If guard is "immutable", then throw a TypeError.

3. Otherwise, if guard is "request" and name is a forbidden header name, return.

4. Otherwise, if guard is "request-no-cors", name/`invalid` is not a CORS-safelisted request-header, and name is not a privileged no-cors request-header name, then return.

   `invalid` is used because delete() is not passed a value as argument.

5. Otherwise, if guard is "response" and name is a forbidden response-header name, return.

6. If header list does not contain name, then return.

7. Delete name from header list.

8. If guard is "request-no-cors", then remove privileged no-cors request headers from the context object.

The get(name) method, when invoked, must run these steps:

1. If name is not a name, then throw a TypeError.

2. If header list does not contain name, then return null.

3. Return the combined value given name and header list.

The has(name) method, when invoked, must run these steps:

1. If name is not a name, then throw a TypeError.

2. Return true if header list contains name, and false otherwise.

The set(name, value) method, when invoked, must run these steps:

1. Normalize value.

2. If name is not a name or value is not a value, then throw a TypeError.

3. If guard is "immutable", then throw a TypeError.

4. Otherwise, if guard is "request" and name is a forbidden header name, return.

5. Otherwise, if guard is "request-no-cors" and name/value is not a CORS-safelisted request-header, then return.

6. Otherwise, if guard is "response" and name is a forbidden response-header name, return.

7. Set name/value in header list.

8. If guard is "request-no-cors", then remove privileged no-cors request headers from the context object.

The value pairs to iterate over are the return value of running sort and combine with the header list.

5.2. Body mixin

typedef (Blob or BufferSource or FormData or URLSearchParams or ReadableStream or USVString) BodyInit;

To extract a body and a `Content-Type` value from object, with an optional keepalive flag, run these steps:

1. Let stream be the result of constructing a ReadableStream object.

2. Let Content-Type be null.

3. Let action be null.

4. Let source be null.

5. Switch on object’s type:

   Blob

   Set action to an action that reads object.

   If object’s type attribute is not the empty byte sequence, set Content-Type to its value.

   Set source to object.

   BufferSource

   Enqueue a Uint8Array object wrapping an ArrayBuffer containing a copy of the bytes held by object to stream and close stream. If that threw an exception, error stream with that exception.

   Set source to object.

   FormData

   Set action to an action that runs the multipart/form-data encoding algorithm, with object as form data set and with UTF-8 as the explicit character encoding.

   Set Content-Type to `multipart/form-data; boundary=`, followed by the multipart/form-data boundary string generated by the multipart/form-data encoding algorithm.

   Set source to object.

   URLSearchParams

   Set action to an action that runs the application/x-www-form-urlencoded serializer with object’s list.

   Set Content-Type to `application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=UTF-8`.

   Set source to object.

   USVString

   Set action to an action that runs UTF-8 encode on object.

   Set Content-Type to `text/plain;charset=UTF-8`.

   Set source to object.

   ReadableStream

   Set stream to object.

6. If keepalive flag is set and object’s type is a ReadableStream object, then throw a TypeError.

7. If action is non-null, run action in parallel:

   1. Whenever one or more bytes are available, let bytes be the bytes and enqueue a Uint8Array object wrapping an ArrayBuffer containing bytes to stream. If creating the ArrayBuffer threw an exception, error stream with that exception and cancel running action.

   2. When running action is done, close stream.

8. Let body be a body whose stream is stream and whose source is source.

9. Return body and Content-Type.

interface mixin Body {
  readonly attribute ReadableStream? body;
  readonly attribute boolean bodyUsed;
  [NewObject] Promise<ArrayBuffer> arrayBuffer();
  [NewObject] Promise<Blob> blob();
  [NewObject] Promise<FormData> formData();
  [NewObject] Promise<any> json();
  [NewObject] Promise<USVString> text();
};

Formats you would not want a network layer to be dependent upon, such as HTML, will likely not be exposed here. Rather, an HTML parser API might accept a stream in due course.

Objects implementing the Body mixin gain an associated body (null or a body) and a MIME type (initially the empty byte sequence).

An object implementing the Body mixin is said to be disturbed if body is non-null and its stream is disturbed.

An object implementing the Body mixin is said to be locked if body is non-null and its stream is locked.

The body attribute’s getter must return null if body is null and body’s stream otherwise.

The bodyUsed attribute’s getter must return true if disturbed, and false otherwise.

Objects implementing the Body mixin also have an associated package data algorithm, given bytes, a type and a mimeType, switches on type, and runs the associated steps:

ArrayBuffer

Return a new ArrayBuffer whose contents are bytes.

Allocating an ArrayBuffer can throw a RangeError.

Blob

Return a Blob whose contents are bytes and type attribute is mimeType.

FormData

If mimeType (ignoring parameters) is `multipart/form-data`, then:

1. Parse bytes, using the value of the `boundary` parameter from mimeType, per the rules set forth in Returning Values from Forms: multipart/form-data. [RFC7578]

   Each part whose `Content-Disposition` header contains a `filename` parameter must be parsed into an entry whose value is a File object whose contents are the contents of the part. The name attribute of the File object must have the value of the `filename` parameter of the part. The type attribute of the File object must have the value of the `Content-Type` header of the part if the part has such header, and `text/plain` (the default defined by [RFC7578] section 4.4) otherwise.

   Each part whose `Content-Disposition` header does not contain a `filename` parameter must be parsed into an entry whose value is the UTF-8 decoded content of the part. This is done regardless of the presence or the value of a `Content-Type` header and regardless of the presence or the value of a `charset` parameter.

   A part whose `Content-Disposition` header contains a `name` parameter whose value is `_charset_` is parsed like any other part. It does not change the encoding.

2. If that fails for some reason, then throw a TypeError.

3. Return a new FormData object, appending each entry, resulting from the parsing operation, to entries.

The above is a rough approximation of what is needed for `multipart/form-data`, a more detailed parsing specification is to be written. Volunteers welcome.

Otherwise, if mimeType (ignoring parameters) is `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`, then:

1. Let entries be the result of parsing bytes.

2. If entries is failure, then throw a TypeError.

3. Return a new FormData object whose entries are entries.

Otherwise, throw a TypeError.

JSON

Return the result of running parse JSON from bytes on bytes.

text

Return the result of running UTF-8 decode on bytes.

Objects implementing the Body mixin also have an associated consume body algorithm, given a type, runs these steps:

1. If this object is disturbed or locked, return a new promise rejected with a TypeError.

2. Let stream be body’s stream if body is non-null, or an empty ReadableStream object otherwise.

3. Let reader be the result of getting a reader from stream. If that threw an exception, return a new promise rejected with that exception.

4. Let promise be the result of reading all bytes from stream with reader.

5. Return the result of transforming promise by a fulfillment handler that returns the result of the package data algorithm with its first argument, type and this object’s MIME type.

The arrayBuffer() method, when invoked, must return the result of running consume body with ArrayBuffer.

The blob() method, when invoked, must return the result of running consume body with Blob.

The formData() method, when invoked, must return the result of running consume body with FormData.

The json() method, when invoked, must return the result of running consume body with JSON.

The text() method, when invoked, must return the result of running consume body with text.

5.3. Request class

typedef (Request or USVString) RequestInfo;

[Constructor(RequestInfo input, optional RequestInit init),
 Exposed=(Window,Worker)]
interface Request {
  readonly attribute ByteString method;
  readonly attribute USVString url;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute Headers headers;

  readonly attribute RequestDestination destination;
  readonly attribute USVString referrer;
  readonly attribute ReferrerPolicy referrerPolicy;
  readonly attribute RequestMode mode;
  readonly attribute RequestCredentials credentials;
  readonly attribute RequestCache cache;
  readonly attribute RequestRedirect redirect;
  readonly attribute DOMString integrity;
  readonly attribute boolean keepalive;
  readonly attribute boolean isReloadNavigation;
  readonly attribute boolean isHistoryNavigation;
  readonly attribute AbortSignal signal;

  [NewObject] Request clone();
};
Request includes Body;

dictionary RequestInit {
  ByteString method;
  HeadersInit headers;
  BodyInit? body;
  USVString referrer;
  ReferrerPolicy referrerPolicy;
  RequestMode mode;
  RequestCredentials credentials;
  RequestCache cache;
  RequestRedirect redirect;
  DOMString integrity;
  boolean keepalive;
  AbortSignal? signal;
  any window; // can only be set to null
};

enum RequestDestination { "", "audio", "audioworklet", "document", "embed", "font", "image", "manifest", "object", "paintworklet", "report", "script", "sharedworker", "style",  "track", "video", "worker", "xslt" };
enum RequestMode { "navigate", "same-origin", "no-cors", "cors" };
enum RequestCredentials { "omit", "same-origin", "include" };
enum RequestCache { "default", "no-store", "reload", "no-cache", "force-cache", "only-if-cached" };
enum RequestRedirect { "follow", "error", "manual" };

"serviceworker" is omitted from RequestDestination as it cannot be observed from JavaScript. Implementations will still need to support it as a destination. "websocket" is omitted from RequestMode as it cannot be used nor observed from JavaScript.

A Request object has an associated request (a request).

A Request object also has an associated headers (null or a Headers object), initially null.

A Request object has an associated signal (an AbortSignal object), initially a new AbortSignal object.

A Request object’s body is its request’s body.

request = new Request(input [, init])

Returns a new request whose url property is input if input is a string, and input’s url if input is a Request object.

The init argument is an object whose properties can be set as follows:

method

A string to set request’s method.

headers

A Headers object, an object literal, or an array of two-item arrays to set request’s headers.

body

A BodyInit object or null to set request’s body.

referrer

A string whose value is a same-origin URL, "about:client", or the empty string, to set request’s referrer.

referrerPolicy

A referrer policy to set request’s referrerPolicy.

mode

A string to indicate whether the request will use CORS, or will be restricted to same-origin URLs. Sets request’s mode.

credentials

A string indicating whether credentials will be sent with the request always, never, or only when sent to a same-origin URL. Sets request’s credentials.

cache

A string indicating how the request will interact with the browser’s cache to set request’s cache.

redirect

A string indicating whether request follows redirects, results in an error upon encountering a redirect, or returns the redirect (in an opaque fashion). Sets request’s redirect.

integrity

A cryptographic hash of the resource to be fetched by request. Sets request’s integrity.

keepalive

A boolean to set request’s keepalive.

signal

An AbortSignal to set request’s signal.

window

Can only be null. Used to disassociate request from any Window.

request . method

Returns request’s HTTP method, which is "GET" by default.

request . url

Returns the URL of request as a string.

request . headers

Returns a Headers object consisting of the headers associated with request. Note that headers added in the network layer by the user agent will not be accounted for in this object, e.g., the "Host" header.

request . destination

Returns the kind of resource requested by request, e.g., "document" or "script".

request . referrer

Returns the referrer of request. Its value can be a same-origin URL if explicitly set in init, the empty string to indicate no referrer, and "about:client" when defaulting to the global’s default. This is used during fetching to determine the value of the `Referer` header of the request being made.

request . referrerPolicy

Returns the referrer policy associated with request. This is used during fetching to compute the value of the request’s referrer.

request . mode

Returns the mode associated with request, which is a string indicating whether the request will use CORS, or will be restricted to same-origin URLs.

request . credentials

Returns the credentials mode associated with request, which is a string indicating whether credentials will be sent with the request always, never, or only when sent to a same-origin URL.

request . cache

Returns the cache mode associated with request, which is a string indicating how the the request will interact with the browser’s cache when fetching.

request . redirect

Returns the redirect mode associated with request, which is a string indicating how redirects for the request will be handled during fetching. A request will follow redirects by default.

request . integrity

Returns request’s subresource integrity metadata, which is a cryptographic hash of the resource being fetched. Its value consists of multiple hashes separated by whitespace. [SRI]

request . keepalive

Returns a boolean indicating whether or not request can outlive the global in which it was created.

request . isReloadNavigation

Returns a boolean indicating whether or not request is for a reload navigation.

request . isHistoryNavigation

Returns a boolean indicating whether or not request is for a history navigation (a.k.a. back-foward navigation).

request . signal

Returns the signal associated with request, which is an AbortSignal object indicating whether or not request has been aborted, and its abort event handler.

The Request(input, init) constructor must run these steps:

1. Let request be null.

2. Let fallbackMode be null.

3. Let fallbackCredentials be null.

4. Let baseURL be current settings object’s API base URL.

5. Let signal be null.

6. If input is a string, then:

   1. Let parsedURL be the result of parsing input with baseURL.

   2. If parsedURL is failure, then throw a TypeError.

   3. If parsedURL includes credentials, then throw a TypeError.

   4. Set request to a new request whose url is parsedURL.

   5. Set fallbackMode to "cors".

   6. Set fallbackCredentials to "same-origin".

7. Otherwise (input is a Request object):

   1. Set request to input’s request.

   2. Set signal to input’s signal.

8. Let origin be current settings object’s origin.

9. Let window be "client".

10. If request’s window is an environment settings object and its origin is same origin with origin, set window to request’s window.

11. If init’s window member is present and it is non-null, then throw a TypeError.

12. If init’s window member is present, set window to "no-window".

13. Set request to a new request with the following properties:

    url

    request’s current url.

    method

    request’s method.

    header list

    A copy of request’s header list.

    unsafe-request flag

    Set.

    client

    Current settings object.

    window

    window.

    origin

    "client".

    referrer

    request’s referrer.

    referrer policy

    request’s referrer policy.

    mode

    request’s mode.

    credentials mode

    request’s credentials mode.

    cache mode

    request’s cache mode.

    redirect mode

    request’s redirect mode.

    integrity metadata

    request’s integrity metadata.

    keepalive flag

    request’s keepalive flag.

    reload-navigation flag

    request’s reload-navigation flag.

    history-navigation flag

    request’s history-navigation flag.

14. If any of init’s members are present, then:

    1. If request’s mode is "navigate", then set it to "same-origin".

    2. Unset request’s reload-navigation flag.

    3. Unset request’s history-navigation flag.

    4. Set request’s referrer to "client"

    5. Set request’s referrer policy to the empty string.

    This is done to ensure that when a service worker "redirects" a request, e.g., from an image in a cross-origin style sheet, and makes modifications, it no longer appears to come from the original source (i.e., the cross-origin style sheet), but instead from the service worker that "redirected" the request. This is important as the original source might not even be able to generate the same kind of requests as the service worker. Services that trust the original source could therefore be exploited were this not done, although that is somewhat farfetched.

15. If init’s referrer member is present, then:

    1. Let referrer be init’s referrer member.

    2. If referrer is the empty string, then set request’s referrer to "no-referrer".

    3. Otherwise:

       1. Let parsedReferrer be the result of parsing referrer with baseURL.

       2. If parsedReferrer is failure, then throw a TypeError.

       3. If one of the following conditions is true, then set request’s referrer to "client":

          • parsedReferrer’s cannot-be-a-base-URL flag is set, scheme is "about", and path contains a single string "client".
          • parsedReferrer’s origin is not same origin with origin

       4. Otherwise, set request’s referrer to parsedReferrer.

16. If init’s referrerPolicy member is present, set request’s referrer policy to it.

17. Let mode be init’s mode member if it is present, and fallbackMode otherwise.

18. If mode is "navigate", then throw a TypeError.

19. If mode is non-null, set request’s mode to mode.

20. Let credentials be init’s credentials member if it is present, and fallbackCredentials otherwise.

21. If credentials is non-null, set request’s credentials mode to credentials.

22. If init’s cache member is present, set request’s cache mode to it.

23. If request’s cache mode is "only-if-cached" and request’s mode is not "same-origin", then throw a TypeError.

24. If init’s redirect member is present, set request’s redirect mode to it.

25. If init’s integrity member is present, set request’s integrity metadata to it.

26. If init’s keepalive member is present, then set request’s keepalive flag if init’s keepalive member is true, and unset it otherwise.

27. If init’s method member is present, then:

    1. Let method be init’s method member.

    2. If method is not a method or method is a forbidden method, then throw a TypeError.

    3. Normalize method.

    4. Set request’s method to method.

28. If init’s signal member is present, then set signal to it.

29. Let r be a new Request object associated with request.

30. If signal is not null, then make r’s signal follow signal.

31. Set r’s headers to a new Headers object, whose header list is request’s header list, and guard is "request".

32. If any of init’s members are present, then:

    The headers are sanitised as they might contain headers that are not allowed by this mode. Otherwise, they were previously sanitised or are unmodified since creation by a privileged API.

    1. Let headers be a copy of r’s headers and its associated header list.

    2. If init’s headers member is present, set headers to init’s headers member.

    3. Empty r’s headers’s header list.

    4. If r’s request’s mode is "no-cors", then:

       1. If r’s request’s method is not a CORS-safelisted method, then throw a TypeError.

       2. Set r’s headers’s guard to "request-no-cors".

    5. If headers is a Headers object, then for each header in its header list, append header’s name/header’s value to r’s Headers object.

    6. Otherwise, fill r’s Headers object with headers.

33. Let inputBody be input’s request’s body if input is a Request object, and null otherwise.

34. If either init’s body member is present and is non-null or inputBody is non-null, and request’s method is `GET` or `HEAD`, then throw a TypeError.

35. Let body be inputBody.

36. If init’s body member is present and is non-null, then:

    1. Let Content-Type be null.

    2. If init’s keepalive member is present and is true, then set body and Content-Type to the result of extracting init’s body member, with keepalive flag set.

    3. Otherwise, set body and Content-Type to the result of extracting init’s body member.

    4. If Content-Type is non-null and r’s headers’s header list does not contain `Content-Type`, then append `Content-Type`/Content-Type to r’s headers.

37. If body is non-null and body’s source is null, then:

    1. If r’s request’s mode is neither "same-origin" nor "cors", then throw a TypeError.

    2. Set r’s request’s use-CORS-preflight flag.

38. If inputBody is body and input is disturbed or locked, then throw a TypeError.

39. If inputBody is non-null and inputBody is body, then:

    1. Let rs bs a ReadableStream object from which one can read the exactly same data as one could read from inputBody’s stream.

       This will be specified more precisely once transform stream and piping are precisely defined. See the issue.

       This makes inputBody’s stream locked and disturbed immediately.

    2. Set body to a new body whose stream is rs, whose source is inputBody’s source, and whose total bytes is inputBody’s total bytes.

40. Set r’s request’s body to body.

41. Set r’s MIME type to the result of extracting a MIME type from r’s request’s header list.

42. Return r.