Fetch (PR #734)

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This Is a Commit Snapshot of the Standard

This document contains the contents of the standard as of the 9479f7c commit, and should only be used as a historical reference. This commit may not even have been merged into master.

Do not attempt to implement this version of the specification. Do not reference this version as authoritative in any way. Instead, see https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/ for the living standard.

Abstract

The Fetch standard defines requests, responses, and the process that binds them: fetching.

Goals

To unify fetching across the web platform this specification supplants a number of algorithms and specifications:

Unifying fetching provides consistent handling of:

1. Preface

At a high level, fetching a resource is a fairly simple operation. A request goes in, a response comes out. The details of that operation are however quite involved and used to not be written down carefully and differ from one API to the next.

Numerous APIs provide the ability to fetch a resource, e.g. HTML’s img and script element, CSS' cursor and list-style-image, the navigator.sendBeacon() and self.importScripts() JavaScript APIs. The Fetch Standard provides a unified architecture for these features so they are all consistent when it comes to various aspects of fetching, such as redirects and the CORS protocol.

The Fetch Standard also defines the fetch() JavaScript API, which exposes most of the networking functionality at a fairly low level of abstraction.

2. Infrastructure

This specification depends on the Infra Standard. [INFRA]

This specification uses terminology from the ABNF, Encoding, HTML, HTTP, IDL, MIME Sniffing, Streams, and URL Standards. [ABNF] [ENCODING] [HTML] [HTTP] [WEBIDL] [MIMESNIFF] [STREAMS] [URL]

ABNF means ABNF as modified by HTTP (in particular the addition #).


Credentials are HTTP cookies, TLS client certificates, and authentication entries (for HTTP authentication). [COOKIES] [TLS] [HTTP-AUTH]


Tasks that are queued by this standard are annotated as one of:

To queue a fetch task on request request to run an operation, run these steps:

  1. If request’s client is null, terminate these steps.

  2. Queue a task to run an operation on request’s client’s responsible event loop using the networking task source.

To queue a fetch-request-done task, given a request, queue a fetch task on request to process request end-of-body for request.

2.1. URL

A local scheme is a scheme that is "about", "blob", "data", or "filesystem".

A URL is local if its scheme is a local scheme.

This definition is also used by Referrer Policy. [REFERRER]

An HTTP(S) scheme is a scheme that is "http" or "https".

A network scheme is a scheme that is "ftp" or an HTTP(S) scheme.

A fetch scheme is a scheme that is "about", "blob", "data", "file", "filesystem", or a network scheme.

HTTP(S) scheme, network scheme, and fetch scheme are also used by HTML. [HTML]


A response URL is a URL for which implementations need not store the fragment as it is never exposed. When serialized, the exclude fragment flag is set, meaning implementations can store the fragment nonetheless.

2.2. HTTP

While fetching encompasses more than just HTTP, it borrows a number of concepts from HTTP and applies these to resources obtained via other means (e.g., data URLs).

The HTTP whitespace bytes are 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0D, and 0x20.

An HTTPS state value is "none", "deprecated", or "modern".

A response delivered over HTTPS will typically have its HTTPS state set to "modern". A user agent can use "deprecated" in a transition period. E.g., while removing support for a hash function, weak cipher suites, certificates for an "Internal Name", or certificates with an overly long validity period. How exactly a user agent can use "deprecated" is not defined by this specification. An environment settings object typically derives its HTTPS state from a response.

2.2.1. Methods

A method is a byte sequence that matches the method token production.

A CORS-safelisted method is a method that is `GET`, `HEAD`, or `POST`.

A forbidden method is a method that is a byte-case-insensitive match for `CONNECT`, `TRACE`, or `TRACK`. [HTTPVERBSEC1], [HTTPVERBSEC2], [HTTPVERBSEC3]

To normalize a method, if it is a byte-case-insensitive match for `DELETE`, `GET`, `HEAD`, `OPTIONS`, `POST`, or `PUT`, byte-uppercase it.

Normalization is done for backwards compatibility and consistency across APIs as methods are actually "case-sensitive".

Using `patch` is highly likely to result in a `405 Method Not Allowed`. `PATCH` is much more likely to succeed.

There are no restrictions on methods. `CHICKEN` is perfectly acceptable (and not a misspelling of `CHECKIN`). Other than those that are normalized there are no casing restrictions either. `Egg` or `eGg` would be fine, though uppercase is encouraged for consistency.

2.2.2. Headers

A header list is a list of zero or more headers. It is initially the empty list.

A header list is essentially a specialized multimap. An ordered list of key-value pairs with potentially duplicate keys.

A header list (list) contains a name (name) if list contains a header whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for name.

To append a name/value (name/value) pair to a header list (list), run these steps:

  1. If list contains name, then set name to the first such header’s name.

    This reuses the casing of the name of the header already in list, if any. If there are multiple matched headers their names will all be identical.

  2. Append a new header whose name is name and value is value to list.

To delete a name (name) from a header list (list), remove all headers whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for name from list.

To set a name/value (name/value) pair in a header list (list), run these steps:

  1. If list contains name, then set the value of the first such header to value and remove the others.

  2. Otherwise, append a new header whose name is name and value is value to list.

To combine a name/value (name/value) pair in a header list (list), run these steps:

  1. If list contains name, then set the value of the first such header to its value, followed by 0x2C 0x20, followed by value.

  2. Otherwise, append a new header whose name is name and value is value to list.

Combine is used by XMLHttpRequest and the WebSocket protocol handshake.

To sort and combine a header list (list), run these steps:

  1. Let headers be an empty list of name-value pairs with the key being the name and value the value.

  2. Let names be all the names of the headers in list, byte-lowercased, with duplicates removed, and finally sorted lexicographically.

  3. For each name in names:

    1. Let value be the combined value given name and list.

    2. Append name-value to headers.

  4. Return headers.


A header consists of a name and value.

A name is a byte sequence that matches the field-name token production.

A value is a byte sequence that matches the following conditions:

The definition of value is not defined in terms of an HTTP token production as it is broken.

To normalize a potentialValue, remove any leading and trailing HTTP whitespace bytes from potentialValue.

A combined value, given a name (name) and header list (list), is the values of all headers in list whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for name, separated from each other by 0x2C 0x20, in order.


A CORS-safelisted request-header is a header whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of

or whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of

and whose value, once extracted, is not failure.

There are limited exceptions to the `Content-Type` header safelist, as documented in CORS protocol exceptions.

A CORS non-wildcard request-header name is a byte-case-insensitive match for `Authorization`.

A CORS-safelisted response-header name, given a CORS-exposed header-name list list, is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of

A forbidden header name is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of

or a header name that starts with a byte-case-insensitive match for `Proxy-` or `Sec-` (including being a byte-case-insensitive match for just `Proxy-` or `Sec-`).

These are forbidden so the user agent remains in full control over them. Names starting with `Sec-` are reserved to allow new headers to be minted that are safe from APIs using fetch that allow control over headers by developers, such as XMLHttpRequest. [XHR]

A forbidden response-header name is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of:


To extract header values given a header header, run these steps:

  1. If parsing header’s value, per the ABNF for header’s name, fails, then return failure.

  2. Return one or more values resulting from parsing header’s value, per the ABNF for header’s name.

To extract header list values given a name (name) and a header list (list), run these steps:

  1. If list does not contain name, then return null.

  2. If the ABNF for name allows a single header and list contains more than one, then return failure.

    If different error handling is needed, extract the desired header first.

  3. Let values be an empty list.

  4. For each header header list contains whose name is name:

    1. Let extract be the result of extracting header values from header.

    2. If extract is failure, then return failure.

    3. Append each value in extract, in order, to values.

  5. Return values.

To extract a MIME type from a header list (headers), run these steps:

  1. Let mimeType be the result of extracting header list values given `Content-Type` and headers.

  2. If mimeType is null or failure, then return the empty byte sequence.

  3. Return mimeType, byte-lowercased.


A default `User-Agent` value is a user-agent-defined value for the `User-Agent` header.

2.2.3. Statuses

A status is a code.

A null body status is a status that is 101, 204, 205, or 304.

An ok status is any status in the range 200 to 299, inclusive.

A redirect status is a status that is 301, 302, 303, 307, or 308.

2.2.4. Bodies

A body consists of:

A body body is said to be done if body is null or body’s stream is closed or errored.

To wait for a body body, wait for body to be done.

To clone a body body, run these steps:

  1. Let «out1, out2» be the result of teeing body’s stream.

  2. Set body’s stream to out1.

  3. Return a body whose stream is out2 and other members are copied from body.

To handle content codings given codings and bytes, run these steps:

  1. If codings are not supported, then return bytes.

  2. Return the result of decoding bytes with codings as explained in HTTP, if decoding does not result in an error, and failure otherwise. [HTTP] [HTTP-SEMANTICS]

2.2.5. Requests

The input to fetch is a request.

A request has an associated method (a method). Unless stated otherwise it is `GET`.

This can be updated during redirects to `GET` as described in HTTP fetch.

A request has an associated url (a URL).

Implementations are encouraged to make this a pointer to the first URL in request’s url list. It is provided as a distinct field solely for the convenience of other standards hooking into Fetch.

A request has an associated local-URLs-only flag. Unless stated otherwise it is unset.

A request has an associated sandboxed-storage-area-URLs flag. Unless stated otherwise it is unset.

A request has an associated header list (a header list). Unless stated otherwise it is empty.

A request has an associated unsafe-request flag. Unless stated otherwise it is unset.

The unsafe-request flag is set by APIs such as fetch() and XMLHttpRequest to ensure a CORS-preflight fetch is done based on the supplied method and header list. It does not free an API from outlawing forbidden methods and forbidden header names.

A request has an associated body (null or a body). Unless stated otherwise it is null.

This can be updated during redirects to null as described in HTTP fetch.


A request has an associated client (null or an environment settings object).

A request has an associated reserved client (null, an environment, or an environment settings object). Unless stated otherwise it is null.

This is only used by navigation requests and worker requests, but not service worker requests. It references an environment for a navigation request and an environment settings object for a worker request.

A request has an associated target client id (a string). Unless stated otherwise it is the empty string.

This is only used by navigation requests. It is the id of the target browsing context’s active document’s environment settings object.

A request has an associated window ("no-window", "client", or an environment settings object whose global object is a Window object). Unless stated otherwise it is "client".

The "client" value is changed to "no-window" or request’s client during fetching. It provides a convenient way for standards to not have to explicitly set request’s window.

A request has an associated keepalive flag. Unless stated otherwise it is unset.

This can be used to allow the request to outlive the environment settings object, e.g., navigator.sendBeacon and the HTML img element set this flag. Requests with this flag set are subject to additional processing requirements.

A request has an associated service-workers mode, that is "all" or "none". Unless stated otherwise it is "all".

This determines which service workers will receive a fetch event for this fetch.

"all"
Relevant service workers will get a fetch event for this fetch.
"none"
No service workers will get events for this fetch.

A request has an associated initiator, which is the empty string, "download", "imageset", "manifest", "prefetch", "prerender", or "xslt". Unless stated otherwise it is the empty string.

A request’s initiator is not particularly granular for the time being as other specifications do not require it to be. It is primarily a specification device to assist defining CSP and Mixed Content. It is not exposed to JavaScript. [CSP] [MIX]

A request has an associated destination, which is the empty string, "audio", "audioworklet", "document", "embed", "font", "image", "manifest", "object", "paintworklet", "report", "script", "serviceworker", "sharedworker", "style", "track", "video", "worker", or "xslt". Unless stated otherwise it is the empty string.

A request’s destination is script-like if it is "audioworklet", "paintworklet", "script", "serviceworker", "sharedworker", or "worker".

Algorithms that use script-like should also consider "xslt" as that too can cause script execution. It is not included in the list as it is not always relevant and might require different behavior.

The following table illustrates the relationship between a request’s initiator, destination, CSP directives, and features. It is not exhaustive with respect to features. Features need to have the relevant values defined in their respective standards.

Initiator Destination CSP directive Features
"" "report" CSP, NEL reports.
"document" HTML’s navigate algorithm.
"document" child-src HTML’s <iframe> and <frame>
"" connect-src navigator.sendBeacon(), EventSource, HTML’s ping="", fetch(), XMLHttpRequest, WebSocket, Cache API?
"object" object-src HTML’s <object>
"embed" object-src HTML’s <embed>
"audio" media-src HTML’s <audio>
"font" font-src CSS' @font-face
"image" img-src HTML’s <img src>, /favicon.ico resource, SVG’s <image>, CSS' background-image, CSS' cursor, CSS' list-style-image, …
"audioworklet" script-src audioWorklet.addModule()
"paintworklet" script-src CSS.paintWorklet.addModule()
"script" script-src HTML’s <script>, importScripts()
"serviceworker" child-src, script-src, worker-src navigator.serviceWorker.register()
"sharedworker" child-src, script-src, worker-src SharedWorker
"worker" child-src, script-src, worker-src Worker
"style" style-src HTML’s <link rel=stylesheet>, CSS' @import
"track" media-src HTML’s <track>
"video" media-src HTML’s <video> element
"download" "" HTML’s download="", "Save Link As…" UI
"imageset" "image" img-src HTML’s <img srcset> and <picture>
"manifest" "manifest" manifest-src HTML’s <link rel=manifest>
"prefetch" "" prefetch-src HTML’s <link rel=prefetch>
"prerender" HTML’s <link rel=prerender>
"xslt" "xslt" script-src <?xml-stylesheet>

CSP’s form-action needs to be a hook directly in HTML’s navigate or form submission algorithm.

CSP will also need to check request’s client’s responsible browsing context’s ancestor browsing contexts for various CSP directives.


A request has an associated priority (null or a user-agent-defined object). Unless otherwise stated it is null.

A request has an associated origin, which is "client" or an origin. Unless stated otherwise it is "client".

"client" is changed to an origin during fetching. It provides a convenient way for standards to not have to set request’s origin. Request’s origin can be changed during redirects too.

A request has an associated referrer, which is "no-referrer", "client", or a URL. Unless stated otherwise it is "client".

"client" is changed to "no-referrer" or a URL during fetching. It provides a convenient way for standards to not have to set request’s referrer.

A request has an associated referrer policy, which is a referrer policy. Unless stated otherwise it is the empty string. [REFERRER]

This can be used to override a referrer policy associated with an environment settings object.

A request has an associated client hints list, which is a client-hints list. Unless stated otherwise, it is the empty list.

This will be used to override a client hints list associated with an environment settings object. [CLIENT-HINTS]

A request has an associated synchronous flag. Unless stated otherwise it is unset.

A request has an associated mode, which is "same-origin", "cors", "no-cors", "navigate", or "websocket". Unless stated otherwise, it is "no-cors".

"same-origin"
Used to ensure requests are made to same-origin URLs. Fetch will return a network error if the request is not made to a same-origin URL.
"cors"
Makes the request a CORS request. Fetch will return a network error if the requested resource does not understand the CORS protocol.
"no-cors"
Restricts requests to using CORS-safelisted methods and CORS-safelisted request-headers. Upon success, fetch will return an opaque filtered response.
"navigate"
This is a special mode used only when navigating between documents.
"websocket"
This is a special mode used only when establishing a WebSocket connection.

Even though the default request mode is "no-cors", standards are highly discouraged from using it for new features. It is rather unsafe.

A request has an associated use-CORS-preflight flag. Unless stated otherwise, it is unset.

The use-CORS-preflight flag being set is one of several conditions that results in a CORS-preflight request. The use-CORS-preflight flag is set if either one or more event listeners are registered on an XMLHttpRequestUpload object or if a ReadableStream object is used in a request.

A request has an associated credentials mode, which is "omit", "same-origin", or "include". Unless stated otherwise, it is "omit".

"omit"
Excludes credentials from this request.
"same-origin"
Include credentials with requests made to same-origin URLs.
"include"
Always includes credentials with this request.

Request’s credentials mode controls the flow of credentials during a fetch. When request’s mode is "navigate", its credentials mode is assumed to be "include" and fetch does not currently account for other values. If HTML changes here, this standard will need corresponding changes.

A request has an associated use-URL-credentials flag. Unless stated otherwise, it is unset.

A request has an associated cache mode, which is "default", "no-store", "reload", "no-cache", "force-cache", or "only-if-cached". Unless stated otherwise, it is "default".

"default"
Fetch will inspect the HTTP cache on the way to the network. If there is a fresh response it will be used. If there is a stale response a conditional request will be created, and a normal request otherwise. It then updates the HTTP cache with the response. [HTTP] [HTTP-SEMANTICS] [HTTP-COND] [HTTP-CACHING] [HTTP-AUTH]
"no-store"
Fetch behaves as if there is no HTTP cache at all.
"reload"
Fetch behaves as if there is no HTTP cache on the way to the network. Ergo, it creates a normal request and updates the HTTP cache with the response.
"no-cache"
Fetch creates a conditional request if there is a response in the HTTP cache and a normal request otherwise. It then updates the HTTP cache with the response.
"force-cache"
Fetch uses any response in the HTTP cache matching the request, not paying attention to staleness. If there was no response, it creates a normal request and updates the HTTP cache with the response.
"only-if-cached"
Fetch uses any response in the HTTP cache matching the request, not paying attention to staleness. If there was no response, it returns a network error. (Can only be used when request’s mode is "same-origin". Any cached redirects will be followed assuming request’s redirect mode is "follow" and the redirects do not violate request’s mode.)

If header list contains `If-Modified-Since`, `If-None-Match`, `If-Unmodified-Since`, `If-Match`, or `If-Range`, fetch will set cache mode to "no-store" if it is "default".

A request has an associated redirect mode, which is "follow", "error", or "manual". Unless stated otherwise, it is "follow".

"follow"
Follow all redirects incurred when fetching a resource.
"error"
Return a network error when a request is met with a redirect.
"manual"
Retrieves an opaque-redirect filtered response when a request is met with a redirect so that the redirect can be followed manually.

A request has associated integrity metadata (a string). Unless stated otherwise, it is the empty string.

A request has associated cryptographic nonce metadata (a string). Unless stated otherwise, it is the empty string.

A request has associated parser metadata which is the empty string, "parser-inserted", or "not-parser-inserted". Unless otherwise stated, it is the empty string.

A request’s cryptographic nonce metadata and parser metadata are generally populated from attributes and flags on the HTML element responsible for creating a request. They are used by various algorithms in Content Security Policy to determine whether requests or responses are to be blocked in a given context. [CSP]


A request has an associated url list (a list of one or more URLs). Unless stated otherwise, it is a list containing a copy of request’s url.

A request has an associated current url. It is a pointer to the last URL in request’s url list.

A request has an associated redirect count. Unless stated otherwise, it is zero.

A request has an associated response tainting, which is "basic", "cors", or "opaque". Unless stated otherwise, it is "basic".

A request has an associated done flag. Unless stated otherwise, it is unset.

A request has an associated reload-navigation flag. Unless stated otherwise, it is unset.

This flag is for exclusive use by HTML’s navigate algorithm. [HTML]

A request’s url list, current url, redirect count, response tainting, and done flag are used as bookkeeping details by the fetch algorithm.


A subresource request is a request whose destination is "audio", "audioworklet", "font", "image", "manifest", "paintworklet", "script", "style", "track", "video", "xslt", or the empty string.

A potential-navigation-or-subresource request is a request whose destination is "object" or "embed".

A non-subresource request is a request whose destination is "document", "report", "serviceworker", "sharedworker", or "worker".

A navigation request is a request whose destination is "document".

See handle fetch for usage of these terms. [SW]


To clone a request request, run these steps:

  1. Let newRequest be a copy of request, except for its body.

  2. If request’s body is non-null, set newRequest’s body to the result of cloning request’s body.

  3. Return newRequest.


To transmit body for a request request, run these steps:

  1. Let body be request’s body.
  2. If body is null, then queue a fetch task on request to process request end-of-body for request and abort these steps.

  3. Let reader be the result of getting a reader from body’s stream.

    This operation cannot throw an exception.

  4. Let read be the result of reading a chunk from body’s stream with reader.

  5. In parallel, while true:

    1. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

      1. Wait for read to be fulfilled or rejected.

      2. If read is fulfilled with an object whose done property is false and whose value property is a Uint8Array object, then run these steps:

        1. Let bs be the byte sequence represented by the Uint8Array object.

        2. Transmit bs. Whenever one or more bytes are transmitted, increase body’s transmitted bytes by the number of transmitted bytes and queue a fetch task on request to process request body for request.

          This step blocks until bs is fully transmitted.

        3. Set read to the result of reading a chunk from body’s stream with reader.

      3. Otherwise, if read is fulfilled with an object whose done property is true, then queue a fetch task on request to process request end-of-body for request and abort these in-parallel steps.

      4. Otherwise, if read is rejected with an "AbortError" DOMException, terminate the ongoing fetch with the aborted flag set.

      5. Otherwise, terminate the ongoing fetch.

    2. If aborted, then abort these in-parallel steps.

2.2.6. Responses

The result of fetch is a response. A response evolves over time. That is, not all its fields are available straight away.

A response has an associated type which is "basic", "cors", "default", "error", "opaque", or "opaqueredirect". Unless stated otherwise, it is "default".

A response can have an associated aborted flag, which is initially unset.

This indicates that the request was intentionally aborted by the developer or end-user.

A response has an associated url. It is a pointer to the last response URL in response’s url list and null if response’s url list is the empty list.

A response has an associated url list (a list of zero or more response URLs). Unless stated otherwise, it is the empty list.

Except for the last response URL, if any, a response’s url list cannot be exposed to script. That would violate atomic HTTP redirect handling.

A response has an associated status, which is a status. Unless stated otherwise it is 200.

A response has an associated status message. Unless stated otherwise it is the empty byte sequence.

Responses over an HTTP/2 connection will always have the empty byte sequence as status message as HTTP/2 does not support them.

A response has an associated header list (a header list). Unless stated otherwise it is empty.

A response has an associated body (null or a body). Unless stated otherwise it is null.

A response has an associated trailer (a header list). Unless stated otherwise it is empty.

A response has an associated trailer failed flag, which is initially unset.

A response has an associated cache state (the empty string or "local"). Unlesss stated otherwise, it is the empty string.

This is intended solely for usage by service workers. [SW]

A response has an associated HTTPS state (an HTTPS state value). Unless stated otherwise, it is "none".

A response has an associated CSP list, which is a list of Content Security Policy objects for the response. The list is empty unless otherwise specified. [CSP]

A response has an associated CORS-exposed header-name list (a list of zero or more header names). The list is empty unless otherwise specified.

A response will typically get its CORS-exposed header-name list set by extracting header values from the `Access-Control-Expose-Headers` header. This list is used by a CORS filtered response to determine which headers to expose.

A response can have an associated location URL (null, failure, or a URL). Unless specified otherwise, response has no location URL.

This concept is used for redirect handling in Fetch and in HTML’s navigate algorithm. It ensures `Location` has its value extracted consistently and only once. [HTML]


A response whose type is "error" and aborted flag is set is known as an aborted network error.

A response whose type is "error" is known as a network error.

A network error is a response whose status is always 0, status message is always the empty byte sequence, header list is always empty, body is always null, and trailer is always empty.


A filtered response is a limited view on a response that is not a network error. This response is referred to as the filtered response’s associated internal response.

The fetch algorithm returns such a view to ensure APIs do not accidentally leak information. If the information needs to be exposed for legacy reasons, e.g., to feed image data to a decoder, the associated internal response can be used, which is only "accessible" to internal specification algorithms and is never a filtered response itself.

A basic filtered response is a filtered response whose type is "basic" and header list excludes any headers in internal response’s header list whose name is a forbidden response-header name.

A CORS filtered response is a filtered response whose type is "cors", header list excludes any headers in internal response’s header list whose name is not a CORS-safelisted response-header name, given internal response’s CORS-exposed header-name list, and trailer is empty.

An opaque filtered response is a filtered response whose type is "opaque", url list is the empty list, status is 0, status message is the empty byte sequence, header list is empty, body is null, and trailer is empty.

An opaque-redirect filtered response is a filtered response whose type is "opaqueredirect", status is 0, status message is the empty byte sequence, header list is empty, body is null, and trailer is empty.

Exposing the url list for opaque-redirect filtered responses is harmless since no redirects are followed.

In other words, an opaque filtered response and an opaque-redirect filtered response are nearly indistinguishable from a network error. When introducing new APIs, do not use the internal response for internal specification algorithms as that will leak information.

This also means that JavaScript APIs, such as response.ok, will return rather useless results.

To clone a response response, run these steps:

  1. If response is a filtered response, then return a new identical filtered response whose internal response is a clone of response’s internal response.

  2. Let newResponse be a copy of response, except for its body.

  3. If response’s body is non-null, then set newResponse’s body to the result of cloning response’s body.

  4. Return newResponse.

2.2.7. Miscellaneous

A potential destination is "fetch" or a destination which is not the empty string.

To translate a potential destination potentialDestination, run these steps:

  1. If potentialDestination is "fetch", then return the empty string.

  2. Assert: potentialDestination is a destination.

  3. Return potentialDestination.

2.3. Authentication entries

An authentication entry and a proxy-authentication entry are tuples of username, password, and realm, used for HTTP authentication and HTTP proxy authentication, and associated with one or more requests.

User agents should allow both to be cleared together with HTTP cookies and similar tracking functionality.

Further details are defined by HTTP. [HTTP] [HTTP-SEMANTICS] [HTTP-COND] [HTTP-CACHING] [HTTP-AUTH]

2.4. Fetch groups

Each environment settings object has an associated fetch group.

A fetch group holds an ordered list of fetch records.

A fetch record has an associated request (a request).

A fetch record has an associated fetch (a fetch algorithm or null).


When a fetch group is terminated, for each associated fetch record whose request’s done flag or keepalive flag is unset, terminate the fetch record’s fetch.

2.5. Connections

A user agent has an associated connection pool. A connection pool consists of zero or more connections. Each connection is identified by an origin (an origin) and credentials (a boolean).

To obtain a connection, given an origin and credentials, run these steps:

  1. If connection pool contains a connection whose origin is origin and credentials is credentials, then return that connection.

  2. Let connection be null.

  3. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

    1. Set connection to the result of establishing an HTTP connection to origin. [HTTP] [HTTP-SEMANTICS] [HTTP-COND] [HTTP-CACHING] [HTTP-AUTH] [TLS]

      If credentials is false, then do not send a TLS client certificate.

      If establishing a connection does not succeed (e.g., a DNS, TCP, or TLS error), then return failure.

  4. If aborted, then:

    1. If connection is not null, then close connection.

    2. Return failure.

  5. Add connection to the connection pool with origin being origin and credentials being credentials.

  6. Return connection.

This is intentionally a little vague as the finer points are still evolving. Describing this helps explain the <link rel=preconnect> feature and clearly stipulates that connections are keyed on credentials. The latter clarifies that e.g., TLS session identifiers are not reused across connections whose credentials are false with connections whose credentials are true.

2.6. Port blocking

To determine whether fetching a request request should be blocked due to a bad port, run these steps:

  1. Let url be request’s current url.

  2. Let scheme be url’s scheme.

  3. Let port be url’s port.

  4. If scheme is "ftp" and port is 20 or 21, then return allowed.

  5. Otherwise, if scheme is a network scheme and port is a bad port, then return blocked.

  6. Return allowed.

A port is a bad port if it is listed in the first column of the following table.

Port Typical service
1 tcpmux
7 echo
9 discard
11 systat
13 daytime
15 netstat
17 qotd
19 chargen
20 ftp-data
21 ftp
22 ssh
23 telnet
25 smtp
37 time
42 name
43 nicname
53 domain
77 priv-rjs
79 finger
87 ttylink
95 supdup
101 hostriame
102 iso-tsap
103 gppitnp
104 acr-nema
109 pop2
110 pop3
111 sunrpc
113 auth
115 sftp
117 uucp-path
119 nntp
123 ntp
135 loc-srv / epmap
139 netbios
143 imap2
179 bgp
389 ldap
465 smtp+ssl
512 print / exec
513 login
514 shell
515 printer
526 tempo
530 courier
531 chat
532 netnews
540 uucp
556 remotefs
563 nntp+ssl
587 smtp
601 syslog-conn
636 ldap+ssl
993 ldap+ssl
995 pop3+ssl
2049 nfs
3659 apple-sasl
4045 lockd
6000 x11
6665 irc (alternate)
6666 irc (alternate)
6667 irc (default)
6668 irc (alternate)
6669 irc (alternate)

2.7. Should response to request be blocked due to its MIME type?

Run these steps:

  1. Let mimeType be the result of extracting a MIME type from response’s header list.

  2. Let destination be request’s destination.

  3. If destination is script-like and one of the following is true, then return blocked:

    • mimeType starts with `audio/`, `image/`, or `video/`.
    • mimeType is `text/csv`.
  4. Return allowed.

2.8. Client hints list

This section will be integrated into HTTP Client Hints. [CLIENT-HINTS]

A client hints list is a list of Client hint tokens, each of which is one of `DPR`, `Save-Data`, `Viewport-Width`, or `Width`.

2.9. Streams

This section might be integrated into other standards, such as IDL.

2.9.1. ReadableStream

A ReadableStream object represents a stream of data. In this section, we define common operations for ReadableStream objects. [STREAMS]

To enqueue chunk into a ReadableStream object stream, run these steps:

  1. Call ReadableStreamDefaultControllerEnqueue(stream.[[readableStreamController]], chunk).

To close a ReadableStream object stream, run these steps:

  1. Call ReadableStreamDefaultControllerClose(stream.[[readableStreamController]]).

To error a ReadableStream object stream with given reason, run these steps:

  1. Call ReadableStreamDefaultControllerError(stream.[[readableStreamController]]). reason).

To construct a ReadableStream object with given strategy, pull action and cancel action, all of which are optional, run these steps:

  1. Let init be a new object.

  2. Set init["pull"] to a function that runs pull if pull is given.

  3. Set init["cancel"] to a function that runs cancel if cancel is given.

  4. Let stream be the result of calling the initial value of ReadableStream as constructor with init and strategy if given.

  5. Return stream.

To construct a fixed ReadableStream object with given chunks, run these steps:

  1. Let stream be the result of constructing a ReadableStream object.

  2. For each chunk in chunks, enqueue chunk into stream.

  3. Close stream.

  4. Return stream.

To get a reader from a ReadableStream object stream, run these steps:

  1. Let reader be the result of calling AcquireReadableStreamDefaultReader(stream).

  2. Return reader.

To read a chunk from a ReadableStream object with reader, return the result of calling ReadableStreamDefaultReaderRead(reader).

To read all bytes from a ReadableStream object with reader, run these steps:

  1. Let promise be a new promise.

  2. Let bytes be an empty byte sequence.

  3. Let read be the result of calling ReadableStreamDefaultReaderRead(reader).

    • When read is fulfilled with an object whose done property is false and whose value property is a Uint8Array object, append the value property to bytes and run the above step again.

    • When read is fulfilled with an object whose done property is true, resolve promise with bytes.

    • When read is fulfilled with a value that matches with neither of the above patterns, reject promise with a TypeError.

    • When read is rejected with an error, reject promise with that error.

  4. Return promise.

To cancel a ReadableStream object stream with reason, return the result of calling ReadableStreamCancel(stream, reason).

Because the reader grants exclusive access, the actual mechanism of how to read cannot be observed. Implementations could use more direct mechanism if convenient.

To tee a ReadableStream object stream, run these steps:

  1. Return the result of calling ReadableStreamTee(stream, true).

An empty ReadableStream object is the result of constructing a fixed ReadableStream object with an empty list.

Constructing an empty ReadableStream object will not throw an exception.

A ReadableStream object stream is said to be readable if stream.[[state]] is "readable".

A ReadableStream object stream is said to be closed if stream.[[state]] is "closed".

A ReadableStream object stream is said to be errored if stream.[[state]] is "errored".

A ReadableStream object stream is said to be locked if the result of calling IsReadableStreamLocked(stream) is true.

A ReadableStream object stream is said to need more data if the following conditions hold:

A ReadableStream object stream is said to be disturbed if the result of calling IsReadableStreamDisturbed(stream) is true.

3. HTTP extensions

3.1. `Origin` header

The `Origin` request header indicates where a fetch originates from.

The `Origin` header is a version of the `Referer` [sic] header that does not reveal a path. It is used for all HTTP fetches whose CORS flag is set as well as those where request’s method is neither `GET` nor `HEAD`. Due to compatibility constraints it is not included in all fetches.

Its value ABNF:

Origin                           = origin-or-null

origin-or-null                   = origin / %x6E.75.6C.6C ; "null", case-sensitive
origin                           = scheme "://" host [ ":" port ]

This supplants the `Origin` header. [ORIGIN]

3.2. CORS protocol

To allow sharing responses cross-origin and allow for more versatile fetches than possible with HTML’s form element, the CORS protocol exists. It is layered on top of HTTP and allows responses to declare they can be shared with other origins.

It needs to be an opt-in mechanism to prevent leaking data from responses behind a firewall (intranets). Additionally, for requests including credentials it needs to be opt-in to prevent leaking potentially-sensitive data.

This section explains the CORS protocol as it pertains to server developers. Requirements for user agents are part of the fetch algorithm, except for the new HTTP header syntax.

3.2.1. General

The CORS protocol consists of a set of headers that indicates whether a response can be shared cross-origin.

For requests that are more involved than what is possible with HTML’s form element, a CORS-preflight request is performed, to ensure request’s current url supports the CORS protocol.

3.2.2. HTTP requests

A CORS request is an HTTP request that includes an `Origin` header. It cannot be reliably identified as participating in the CORS protocol as the `Origin` header is also included for all requests whose method is neither `GET` nor `HEAD`.

A CORS-preflight request is a CORS request that checks to see if the CORS protocol is understood. It uses `OPTIONS` as method and includes these headers:

`Access-Control-Request-Method`

Indicates which method a future CORS request to the same resource might use.

`Access-Control-Request-Headers`

Indicates which headers a future CORS request to the same resource might use.

3.2.3. HTTP responses

An HTTP response to a CORS request can include the following headers:

`Access-Control-Allow-Origin`

Indicates whether the response can be shared, via returning the literal value of the `Origin` request header (which can be `null`) or `*` in a response.

`Access-Control-Allow-Credentials`

Indicates whether the response can be shared when request’s credentials mode is "include".

For a CORS-preflight request, request’s credentials mode is always "omit", but for any subsequent CORS requests it might not be. Support therefore needs to be indicated as part of the HTTP response to the CORS-preflight request as well.

An HTTP response to a CORS-preflight request can include the following headers:

`Access-Control-Allow-Methods`

Indicates which methods are supported by the response’s url for the purposes of the CORS protocol.

The `Allow` header is not relevant for the purposes of the CORS protocol.

`Access-Control-Allow-Headers`

Indicates which headers are supported by the response’s url for the purposes of the CORS protocol.

`Access-Control-Max-Age`

Indicates how long the information provided by the `Access-Control-Allow-Methods` and `Access-Control-Allow-Headers` headers can be cached.

An HTTP response to a CORS request that is not a CORS-preflight request can also include the following header:

`Access-Control-Expose-Headers`

Indicates which headers can be exposed as part of the response by listing their names.


In case a server does not wish to participate in the CORS protocol, its HTTP response to the CORS or CORS-preflight request must not include any of the above headers. The server is encouraged to use the 403 status in such HTTP responses.

3.2.4. HTTP new-header syntax

ABNF for the values of the headers used by the CORS protocol:

Access-Control-Request-Method    = method
Access-Control-Request-Headers   = 1#field-name

wildcard                         = "*"
Access-Control-Allow-Origin      = origin-or-null / wildcard
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials = %x74.72.75.65 ; "true", case-sensitive
Access-Control-Expose-Headers    = #field-name
Access-Control-Max-Age           = delta-seconds
Access-Control-Allow-Methods     = #method
Access-Control-Allow-Headers     = #field-name

For `Access-Control-Expose-Headers`, `Access-Control-Allow-Methods`, and `Access-Control-Allow-Headers` response headers the value `*` counts as a wildcard for requests without credentials. For such requests there is no way to solely match a header name or method that is `*`.

3.2.5. CORS protocol and credentials

When request’s credentials mode is "include" it has an impact on the functioning of the CORS protocol other than including credentials in the fetch.

In the old days, XMLHttpRequest could be used to set request’s credentials mode to "include":

var client = new XMLHttpRequest()
client.open("GET", "./")
client.withCredentials = true
/* … */

Nowadays, fetch("./", { credentials:"include" }).then(/* … */) suffices.

A request’s credentials mode is not necessarily observable on the server; only when credentials exist for a request can it be observed by virtue of the credentials being included. Note that even so, a CORS-preflight request never includes credentials.

The server developer therefore needs to decide whether or not responses "tainted" with credentials can be shared. And also needs to decide if requests necessitating a CORS-preflight request can include credentials. Generally speaking, both sharing responses and allowing requests with credentials is rather unsafe, and extreme care has to be taken to avoid the confused deputy problem.

To share responses with credentials, the `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` and `Access-Control-Allow-Credentials` headers are important. The following table serves to illustrate the various legal and illegal combinations for a request to https://rabbit.invalid/:

Request’s credentials mode `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` `Access-Control-Allow-Credentials` Shared? Notes
"omit" `*` Omitted
"omit" `*` `true` If credentials mode is not "include", then `Access-Control-Allow-Credentials` is ignored.
"omit" `https://rabbit.invalid/` Omitted A serialized origin has no trailing slash.
"omit" `https://rabbit.invalid` Omitted
"include" `*` `true` If credentials mode is "include", then `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` cannot be `*`.
"include" `https://rabbit.invalid` `true`
"include" `https://rabbit.invalid` `True` `true` is (byte) case-sensitive.

Similarly, `Access-Control-Expose-Headers`, `Access-Control-Allow-Methods`, and `Access-Control-Allow-Headers` response headers can only use `*` as value when request’s credentials mode is not "include".

3.2.6. Examples

A script at https://foo.invalid/ wants to fetch some data from https://bar.invalid/. (Neither credentials nor response header access is important.)

var url = "https://bar.invalid/api?key=730d67a37d7f3d802e96396d00280768773813fbe726d116944d814422fc1a45&data=about:unicorn";
fetch(url).then(success, failure)

This will use the CORS protocol, though this is entirely transparent to the developer from foo.invalid. As part of the CORS protocol, the user agent will include the `Origin` header in the request:

Origin: https://foo.invalid

Upon receiving a response from bar.invalid, the user agent will verify the `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` response header. If its value is either `https://foo.invalid` or `*`, the user agent will invoke the success callback. If it has any other value, or is missing, the user agent will invoke the failure callback.

The developer of foo.invalid is back, and now wants to fetch some data from bar.invalid while also accessing a response header.

fetch(url).then(response => {
  var hsts = response.headers.get("strict-transport-security"),
      csp = response.headers.get("content-security-policy")
  log(hsts, csp)
})

bar.invalid provides a correct `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` response header per the earlier example. The values of hsts and csp will depend on the `Access-Control-Expose-Headers` response header. For example, if the response included the following headers

Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains; preload
Access-Control-Expose-Headers: Content-Security-Policy

then hsts would be null and csp would be "default-src 'self'", even though the response did include both headers. This is because bar.invalid needs to explicitly share each header by listing their names in the `Access-Control-Expose-Headers` response header.

Alternatively, if bar.invalid wanted to share all its response headers, for requests that do not include credentials, it could use `*` as value for the `Access-Control-Expose-Headers` response header. If the request would have included credentials, the response header names would have to be listed explicitly and `*` could not be used.

The developer of foo.invalid returns, now fetching some data from bar.invalid while including credentials. This time around the CORS protocol is no longer transparent to the developer as credentials require an explicit opt-in:

fetch(url, { credentials:"include" }).then(success, failure)

This also makes any `Set-Cookie` response headers bar.invalid includes fully functional (they are ignored otherwise).

The user agent will make sure to include any relevant credentials in the request. It will also put stricter requirements on the response. Not only will bar.invalid need to list `https://foo.invalid` as value for the `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` header (`*` is not allowed when credentials are involved), the `Access-Control-Allow-Credentials` header has to be present too:

Access-Control-Allow-Origin: https://foo.invalid
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true

If the response does not include those two headers with those values, the failure callback will be invoked and any `Set-Cookie` response headers will end up being ignored.

3.2.7. CORS protocol exceptions

Specifications have allowed limited exceptions to the CORS safelist for non-safelisted `Content-Type` header values. These exceptions are made for requests that can be triggered by web content but whose headers and bodies can be only minimally controlled by the web content. Therefore, servers should expect cross-origin web content to be allowed to trigger non-preflighted requests with the following non-safelisted `Content-Type` header values:

Specifications should avoid introducing new exceptions and should only do so with careful consideration for the security consequences. New exceptions can be proposed by filing an issue.

3.3. `X-Content-Type-Options` header

The `X-Content-Type-Options` response header can be used to require checking of a response’s `Content-Type` header against the destination of a request.

Its value ABNF:

X-Content-Type-Options           = "nosniff" ; case-insensitive

3.3.1. Should response to request be blocked due to nosniff?

Run these steps:

  1. If response’s header list does not contain `X-Content-Type-Options`, then return allowed.

  2. Let nosniff be the result of extracting header values from the first header whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for `X-Content-Type-Options` in response’s header list.

  3. If nosniff is failure, then return allowed.

  4. Let mimeType be the result of extracting a MIME type from response’s header list.

  5. Let destination be request’s destination.

  6. If destination is script-like and mimeType (ignoring parameters) is not a JavaScript MIME type, then return blocked.

  7. If destination is "style" and mimeType (ignoring parameters) is not `text/css`, then return blocked.

  8. Return allowed.

Only request destinations that are script-like or "style" are considered as any exploits pertain to them. Also, considering "image" was not compatible with deployed content.

3.4. CORB

Cross-origin read blocking, better known as CORB, is an algorithm which identifies dubious cross-origin resource fetches (e.g., fetches that would fail anyway like attempts to render JSON inside an img element) and blocks them before they reach a web page. CORB reduces the risk of leaking sensitive data by keeping it further from cross-origin web pages.

A CORB-protected MIME type is an HTML MIME type, a JSON MIME type, or an XML MIME type excluding image/svg+xml.

Even without CORB, accessing the content of cross-origin resources with CORB-protected MIME types is either managed by the CORS protocol (e.g., in case of XMLHttpRequest), not observable (e.g., in case of pings or CSP reports which ignore the response), or would result in an error (e.g., when failing to decode an HTML document embedded in an img element as an image). This means that CORB can block CORB-protected MIME types resources without being disruptive to web pages.

To perform a CORB check, given a request and response, run these steps:

  1. If request’s initiator is "download", then return allowed.

    If we recast downloading as navigation this step can be removed.

  2. If request’s current url’s scheme is not an HTTP(S) scheme, then return allowed.

  3. Let mimeType be the result of extracting a MIME type from response’s header list.

  4. If response’s status is 206 and mimeType (ignoring parameters) is a CORB-protected MIME type, then return blocked.

  5. Let nosniff be the result of extracting header values from the first header whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for `X-Content-Type-Options` in response’s header list.

  6. If nosniff is not failure and mimeType (ignoring parameters) is a CORB-protected MIME type or text/plain, then return blocked.

    CORB only protects text/plain responses with a `X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff` header. Unfortunately, protecting such responses without that header when their status is 206 would break too many existing video responses that have a text/plain MIME type.

  7. Return allowed.

4. Fetching

The algorithm below defines fetching. In broad strokes, it takes a request and outputs a response.

That is, it either returns a response if request’s synchronous flag is set, or it queues tasks annotated process response, process response end-of-body, and process response done for the response.

To capture uploads, if request’s synchronous flag is unset, tasks annotated process request body and process request end-of-body for the request can be queued.

To perform a fetch using request, run the steps below. An ongoing fetch can be terminated with flag aborted, which is unset unless otherwise specified.

The user agent may be asked to suspend the ongoing fetch. The user agent may either accept or ignore the suspension request. The suspended fetch can be resumed. The user agent should ignore the suspension request if the ongoing fetch is updating the response in the HTTP cache for the request.

The user agent does not update the entry in the HTTP cache for a request if request’s cache mode is "no-store" or a `Cache-Control: no-store` header appears in the response. [HTTP-CACHING]

  1. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

    1. If request’s window is "client", set request’s window to request’s client, if request’s client’s global object is a Window object, and to "no-window" otherwise.

    2. If request’s origin is "client", set request’s origin to request’s client’s origin.

    3. If request’s header list does not contain `Accept`, then:

      1. Let value be `*/*`.

      2. If request is a navigation request, a user agent should set value to `text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8`.

      3. Otherwise, a user agent should set value to the first matching statement, if any, switching on request’s destination:

        "image"
        `image/png,image/svg+xml,image/*;q=0.8,*/*;q=0.5`
        "style"
        `text/css,*/*;q=0.1`
      4. Append `Accept`/value to request’s header list.

    4. If request’s header list does not contain `Accept-Language`, user agents should append `Accept-Language`/an appropriate value to request’s header list.

    5. If request’s priority is null, then use request’s initiator and destination appropriately in setting request’s priority to a user-agent-defined object.

      The user-agent-defined object could encompass stream weight and dependency for HTTP/2, and equivalent information used to prioritize dispatch and processing of HTTP/1 fetches.

    6. If request is a navigation request, a user agent should, for each header name (hintName) in the first column of the following table, if request’s header list does not contain hintName, then append hintName/the value given in the same row on the second column, to request’s header list.

      Name Value
      `DPR` a suitable dpr value
      `Save-Data` a suitable save-data value
      `Viewport-Width` a suitable viewport-width value
    7. If request is a subresource request, then:

      1. For each hintName of request’s client hints list:

        1. Let value be the first matching statement, switching on hintName:

          `DPR`
          a suitable dpr value
          `Save-Data`
          a suitable save-data value
          `Viewport-Width`
          a suitable viewport-width value
          `Width`
          a suitable width value
        2. A user agent should append hintName/value to request’s header list.

      2. Let record be a new fetch record consisting of request and this instance of the fetch algorithm.

      3. Append record to request’s client’s fetch group list of fetch records.

  2. If aborted, then:

    1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

    2. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

    3. Return a network error.

  3. Return the result of performing a main fetch using request.

4.1. Main fetch

To perform a main fetch using request, optionally with a CORS flag and recursive flag, run these steps:

When main fetch is invoked recursively recursive flag is set. CORS flag is a bookkeeping detail for handling redirects.

  1. Let response be null.

  2. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

    1. If request’s local-URLs-only flag is set and request’s current url is not local, set response to a network error.

    2. Execute Report Content Security Policy violations for request. [CSP]

    3. Upgrade request to a potentially secure URL, if appropriate. [UPGRADE]

    4. If should fetching request be blocked due to a bad port, should fetching request be blocked as mixed content, or should fetching request be blocked by Content Security Policy returns blocked, set response to a network error. [MIX] [CSP]

    5. If request’s referrer policy is the empty string and request’s client is non-null, then set request’s referrer policy to request’s client’s referrer policy. [REFERRER]

    6. If request’s referrer policy is the empty string, then set request’s referrer policy to "no-referrer-when-downgrade".

      We use "no-referrer-when-downgrade" because it is the historical default.

    7. If request’s referrer is not "no-referrer", set request’s referrer to the result of invoking determine request’s referrer. [REFERRER]

      As stated in Referrer Policy, user agents can provide the end user with options to override request’s referrer to "no-referrer" or have it expose less sensitive information.

    8. If request’s current URL’s scheme is "ftp", request’s client’s creation URL’s scheme is not "ftp", and request’s reserved client is either null or an environment whose target browsing context is a nested browsing context, then set response to a network error.

    9. Set request’s current url’s scheme to "https" if all of the following conditions are true:

  3. If aborted, then:

    1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

    2. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

    3. Return a network error.

  4. If request’s synchronous flag is unset and recursive flag is unset, run the remaining steps in parallel.

  5. If response is null, then set response to the result of running the steps corresponding to the first matching statement:

    request’s current url’s origin is same origin with request’s origin and CORS flag is unset
    request’s current url’s scheme is "data"
    request’s mode is "navigate" or "websocket"
    1. Set request’s response tainting to "basic".

    2. Return the result of performing a scheme fetch using request.

    HTML assigns any documents and workers created from URLs whose scheme is "data" a unique opaque origin. Service workers can only be created from URLs whose scheme is an HTTP(S) scheme. [HTML] [SW]

    request’s mode is "same-origin"

    Return a network error.

    request’s mode is "no-cors"
    1. If request’s redirect mode is not "follow", then return a network error.

    2. Set request’s response tainting to "opaque".

    3. Let noCorsResponse be the result of performing a scheme fetch using request.

    4. If noCorsResponse is a filtered response or the CORB check with request and noCorsResponse returns allowed, then return noCorsResponse.

    5. Set corbSanitizedResponse to a new response whose status is noCorsResponse’s status, HTTPS state is noCorsResponse’s HTTPS state, and CSP list is noCorsResponse’s CSP list.

      This is only an effective defense against side channel attacks if noCorsResponse is kept isolated from the process that initiated the request.

    6. Return corbSanitizedResponse.

    request’s current url’s scheme is not an HTTP(S) scheme

    Return a network error.

    request’s use-CORS-preflight flag is set
    request’s unsafe-request flag is set and either request’s method is not a CORS-safelisted method or a header in request’s header list is not a CORS-safelisted request-header
    1. Set request’s response tainting to "cors".

    2. Let corsWithPreflightResponse be the result of performing an HTTP fetch using request with CORS flag and CORS-preflight flag set.

    3. If corsWithPreflightResponse is a network error, then clear cache entries using request.

    4. Return corsWithPreflightResponse.

    Otherwise
    1. Set request’s response tainting to "cors".

    2. Return the result of performing an HTTP fetch using request with CORS flag set.

  6. If the recursive flag is set, return response.

  7. If response is not a network error and response is not a filtered response, then:

    1. If request’s response tainting is "cors", then:

      1. Let headerNames be the result of extracting header list values given `Access-Control-Expose-Headers` and response’s header list.

      2. If request’s credentials mode is not "include" and headerNames contains `*`, then set response’s CORS-exposed header-name list to all unique header names in response’s header list.

      3. Otherwise, if headerNames is not null or failure, then set response’s CORS-exposed header-name list to headerNames.

        One of the headerNames can still be `*` at this point, but will only match a header whose name is `*`.

    2. Set response to the following filtered response with response as its internal response, depending on request’s response tainting:

      "basic"
      basic filtered response
      "cors"
      CORS filtered response
      "opaque"
      opaque filtered response
  8. Let internalResponse be response, if response is a network error, and response’s internal response otherwise.

  9. If internalResponse’s url list is empty, then set it to a copy of request’s url list.

    A response’s url list will typically be empty at this point, unless it came from a service worker, in which case it will only be empty if it was created through new Response().

  10. Set internalResponse’s CSP list. [CSP]

  11. If response is not a network error and any of the following algorithms returns blocked, then set response and internalResponse to a network error:

  12. If response is not a network error and either request’s method is `HEAD` or `CONNECT`, or internalResponse’s status is a null body status, set internalResponse’s body to null and disregard any enqueuing toward it (if any).

    This standardizes the error handling for servers that violate HTTP.

  13. If response is not a network error and request’s integrity metadata is not the empty string, then:

    1. Wait for response’s body.

    2. If response’s body’s stream has not errored, and response does not match request’s integrity metadata, set response and internalResponse to a network error. [SRI]

    This operates on response as this algorithm is not supposed to observe internalResponse. That would allow an attacker to use hashes as an oracle.

  14. If request’s synchronous flag is set, wait for internalResponse’s body, and then return response.

    This terminates fetch.

  15. If request’s current url’s scheme is an HTTP(S) scheme, then:

    1. If request’s body is done, queue a fetch-request-done task for request.

    2. Otherwise, in parallel, wait for request’s body, and then queue a fetch-request-done task for request.

  16. Queue a fetch task on request to process response for response.

  17. Wait for internalResponse’s body.

  18. Queue a fetch task on request to process response end-of-body for response.

  19. Wait for either internalResponse’s trailer, if any, or for the ongoing fetch to terminate. See section 4.1.2 of [HTTP].

  20. If the ongoing fetch is terminated, then set internalResponse’s trailer failed flag.

  21. Set request’s done flag.

  22. Queue a fetch task on request to process response done for response.

4.2. Scheme fetch

To perform a scheme fetch using request, switch on request’s current url’s scheme, and run the associated steps:

"about"

If request’s current url’s cannot-be-a-base-URL flag is set and path contains a single string "blank", then return a new response whose status message is `OK`, header list consist of a single header whose name is `Content-Type` and value is `text/html;charset=utf-8`, body is the empty byte sequence, and HTTPS state is request’s client’s HTTPS state if request’s client is non-null.

Otherwise, return a network error.

URLs such as "about:config" are handled during navigation and result in a network error in the context of fetching.

"blob"
  1. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

    1. Let blob be request’s current url’s object.

    2. If request’s method is not `GET` or blob is not a Blob object, then return a network error. [FILEAPI]

      The `GET` method restriction serves no useful purpose other than being interoperable.

    3. Let response be a new response whose status message is `OK`.

    4. Append `Content-Length`/blob’s size attribute value to response’s header list.

    5. Append `Content-Type`/blob’s type attribute value to response’s header list.

    6. Set response’s HTTPS state to request’s client’s HTTPS state if request’s client is non-null.

    7. Set response’s body to the result of performing the read operation on blob.

    8. Return response.

  2. If aborted, then:

    1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

    2. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

    3. Return a network error.

"data"
  1. Let dataURLStruct be the result of running the data: URL processor on request’s current url.

  2. If dataURLStruct is failure, then return a network error.

  3. Return a response whose status message is `OK`, header list consist of a single header whose name is `Content-Type` and value is dataURLStruct’s MIME type, serialized, body is dataURLStruct’s body, and HTTPS state is request’s client’s HTTPS state if request’s client is non-null.

"file"
"ftp"

For now, unfortunate as it is, file and ftp URLs are left as an exercise for the reader.

When in doubt, return a network error.

"filesystem"

If request’s sandboxed-storage-area-URLs flag is set, return a network error.

Otherwise, … this scheme still needs to be defined.

HTTP(S) scheme

Return the result of performing an HTTP fetch using request.

Otherwise

Return a network error.

4.3. HTTP fetch

To perform an HTTP fetch using request with an optional CORS flag and CORS-preflight flag, run these steps:

CORS flag is still a bookkeeping detail. As is CORS-preflight flag; it indicates a CORS-preflight request is needed.

  1. Let response be null.

  2. Let actualResponse be null.

  3. If request’s service-workers mode is "all", then:

    1. Set response to the result of invoking handle fetch for request. [HTML] [SW]

    2. If response is not null, then:

      1. Transmit body for request.

      2. Set actualResponse to response, if response is not a filtered response, and to response’s internal response otherwise.

      3. If one of the following conditions is true, then return a network error:

        • response’s type is "error".
        • request’s mode is "same-origin" and response’s type is "cors".
        • request’s mode is not "no-cors" and response’s type is "opaque".
        • request’s redirect mode is not "manual" and response’s type is "opaqueredirect".
        • request’s redirect mode is not "follow" and response’s url list has more than one item.
  4. If response is null, then:

    1. If the CORS-preflight flag is set and one of these conditions is true:

      Then:

      1. Let preflightResponse be the result of performing a CORS-preflight fetch using request.

      2. If preflightResponse is a network error, then return preflightResponse.

      This step checks the CORS-preflight cache and if there is no suitable entry it performs a CORS-preflight fetch which, if successful, populates the cache. The purpose of the CORS-preflight fetch is to ensure the fetched resource is familiar with the CORS protocol. The cache is there to minimize the number of CORS-preflight fetches.

    2. If request’s redirect mode is "follow", then set request’s service-workers mode to "none".

      Redirects coming from the network (as opposed to from a service worker) are not to be exposed to a service worker.

    3. Set response and actualResponse to the result of performing an HTTP-network-or-cache fetch using request with CORS flag if set.

    4. If CORS flag is set and a CORS check for request and response returns failure, then return a network error.

      As the CORS check is not to be applied to responses whose status is 304 or 407, or responses from a service worker for that matter, it is applied here.

  5. If actualResponse’s status is a redirect status, then:

    1. If actualResponse’s status is not 303, request’s body is not null, and the connection uses HTTP/2, then user agents may, and are even encouraged to, transmit an RST_STREAM frame.

      303 is excluded as certain communities ascribe special status to it.

    2. Let location be the result of extracting header list values given `Location` and actualResponse’s header list.

    3. If location is a value, then set location to the result of parsing location with actualResponse’s url.

    4. Set actualResponse’s location URL to location.

    5. Switch on request’s redirect mode:

      "error"

      Set response to a network error.

      "manual"

      Set response to an opaque-redirect filtered response whose internal response is actualResponse.

      "follow"

      Set response to the result of performing HTTP-redirect fetch using request and response with CORS flag if set.

  6. Return response. Typically actualResponse’s body’s stream is still being enqueued to after returning.

4.4. HTTP-redirect fetch

This algorithm is used by HTML’s navigate algorithm in addition to HTTP fetch above. [HTML]

To perform an HTTP-redirect fetch using request and response, with an optional CORS flag, run these steps:

  1. Let actualResponse be response, if response is not a filtered response, and response’s internal response otherwise.

  2. If actualResponse’s location URL is null, then return response.

  3. If actualResponse’s location URL is failure, then return a network error.

  4. If actualResponse’s location URL’s scheme is not an HTTP(S) scheme, then return a network error.

  5. If request’s redirect count is twenty, return a network error.

  6. Increase request’s redirect count by one.

  7. If request’s mode is "cors", request’s origin is not same origin with actualResponse’s location URL’s origin, and actualResponse’s location URL includes credentials, then return a network error.

  8. If CORS flag is set and actualResponse’s location URL includes credentials, then return a network error.

    This catches a cross-origin resource redirecting to a same-origin URL.

  9. If actualResponse’s status is not 303, request’s body is non-null, and request’s body’s source is null, then return a network error.

  10. If CORS flag is set and actualResponse’s location URL’s origin is not same origin with request’s current url’s origin, then set request’s origin to a unique opaque origin.

  11. If either actualResponse’s status is 301 or 302 and request’s method is `POST`, or actualResponse’s status is 303, set request’s method to `GET` and request’s body to null.

  12. If request’s body is non-null, then set request’s body to the first part of extracting request’s body’s source.

    request’s body’s source’s nullity has already been checked. The extracting operation cannot throw as it was called for the same source before.

  13. Append actualResponse’s location URL to request’s url list.

  14. Invoke set request’s referrer policy on redirect on request and actualResponse. [REFERRER]

  15. Return the result of performing a main fetch using request with

    • CORS flag if set and

    • recursive flag set if request’s redirect mode is not "manual".

      It can only be "manual" when invoked directly from HTML’s navigate algorithm.

    This has to invoke main fetch to get response tainting correct.

4.5. HTTP-network-or-cache fetch

To perform an HTTP-network-or-cache fetch using request with an optional CORS flag and authentication-fetch flag, run these steps:

CORS flag is still a bookkeeping detail. As is authentication-fetch flag.

Some implementations might support caching of partial content, as per HTTP Range Requests. [HTTP-RANGE] However, this is not widely supported by browser caches.

  1. Let httpRequest be null.

  2. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

    1. If request’s window is "no-window" and request’s redirect mode is "error", then set httpRequest to request.

    2. Otherwise:

      1. Set httpRequest to a copy of request except for its body.

      2. Let body be request’s body.

      3. Set httpRequest’s body to body.

      4. If body is non-null, then set request’s body to a new body whose stream is null and whose source is body’s source.

      request is copied as httpRequest here as we need to be able to add headers to httpRequest and read its body without affecting request. Namely, request can be reused with redirects, authentication, and proxy authentication. We copy rather than clone in order to reduce memory consumption. In case request’s body’s source is null, redirects and authentication will end up failing the fetch.

    3. Let credentials flag be set if one of

      is true, and unset otherwise.

    4. Let contentLengthValue be null.

    5. If httpRequest’s body is null and httpRequest’s method is `POST` or `PUT`, then set contentLengthValue to `0`.

    6. If httpRequest’s body is non-null and httpRequest’s body’s source is non-null, then set contentLengthValue to httpRequest’s body’s total bytes, UTF-8 encoded.

    7. If contentLengthValue is non-null, append `Content-Length`/contentLengthValue to httpRequest’s header list.

    8. If contentLengthValue is non-null and httpRequest’s keepalive flag is set, then:

      1. Let inflightKeepaliveBytes be zero.

      2. Let group be httpRequest’s client’s fetch group.

      3. Let inflightRecords be the set of fetch records in group whose request has its keepalive flag set and done flag unset.

      4. For each fetchRecord in inflightRecords:

        1. Let inflightRequest be fetchRecord’s request.

        2. Increment inflightKeepaliveBytes by inflightRequest’s body’s total bytes.

      5. If the sum of contentLengthValue and inflightKeepaliveBytes is greater than 64 kibibytes, then return a network error.

      The above limit ensures that requests that are allowed to outlive the environment settings object and contain a body, have a bounded size and are not allowed to stay alive indefinitely.

    9. If httpRequest’s referrer is a URL, then append `Referer`/httpRequest’s referrer, serialized and UTF-8 encoded, to httpRequest’s header list.

    10. If the CORS flag is set, httpRequest’s method is neither `GET` nor `HEAD`, or httpRequest’s mode is "websocket", then append `Origin`/httpRequest’s origin, serialized and UTF-8 encoded, to httpRequest’s header list.

    11. If httpRequest’s header list does not contain `User-Agent`, then user agents should append `User-Agent`/default `User-Agent` value to httpRequest’s header list.

    12. If httpRequest’s cache mode is "default" and httpRequest’s header list contains `If-Modified-Since`, `If-None-Match`, `If-Unmodified-Since`, `If-Match`, or `If-Range`, then set httpRequest’s cache mode to "no-store".

    13. If httpRequest’s cache mode is "no-cache" and httpRequest’s header list does not contain `Cache-Control`, then append `Cache-Control`/`max-age=0` to httpRequest’s header list.

    14. If httpRequest’s cache mode is "no-store" or "reload", then:

      1. If httpRequest’s header list does not contain `Pragma`, then append `Pragma`/`no-cache` to httpRequest’s header list.

      2. If httpRequest’s header list does not contain `Cache-Control`, then append `Cache-Control`/`no-cache` to httpRequest’s header list.

    15. Modify httpRequest’s header list per HTTP.

      It would be great if we could make this more normative somehow. At this point headers such as `Accept-Encoding`, `Connection`, `DNT`, and `Host`, are to be appended if necessary.

      `Accept`, `Accept-Charset`, and `Accept-Language` must not be included at this point.

      `Accept` and `Accept-Language` are already included (unless fetch() is used, which does not include the latter by default), and `Accept-Charset` is a waste of bytes. See HTTP header layer division for more details.

    16. If credentials flag is set, then:

      1. If the user agent is not configured to block cookies for httpRequest (see section 7 of [COOKIES]), then:

        1. Let cookies be the result of running the "cookie-string" algorithm (see section 5.4 of [COOKIES]) with the user agent’s cookie store and httpRequest’s current url.

        2. If cookies is not the empty string, append `Cookie`/cookies to httpRequest’s header list.
      2. If httpRequest’s header list does not contain `Authorization`, then:

        1. Let authorizationValue be null.

        2. If there’s an authentication entry for httpRequest and either httpRequest’s use-URL-credentials flag is unset or httpRequest’s current url does not include credentials, then set authorizationValue to authentication entry.

        3. Otherwise, if httpRequest’s current url does include credentials and authentication-fetch flag is set, set authorizationValue to httpRequest’s current url, converted to an `Authorization` value.

        4. If authorizationValue is non-null, then append `Authorization`/authorizationValue to httpRequest’s header list.

    17. If there’s a proxy-authentication entry, use it as appropriate.

      This intentionally does not depend on httpRequest’s credentials mode.

    18. Let response and storedResponse be null.

    19. Let the revalidatingFlag be unset.

    20. If httpRequest’s cache mode is neither "no-store" nor "reload", then:

      1. Set storedResponse to the result of selecting a response from the HTTP cache, possibly needing validation, as per the "Constructing Responses from Caches" chapter of HTTP Caching [HTTP-CACHING], if any.

        As mandated by HTTP, this still takes the `Vary` header into account.

      2. If storedResponse is non-null, then:

        1. If storedResponse requires validation (i.e., it is not fresh), then set the revalidatingFlag.

        2. If the revalidatingFlag is set and httpRequest’s cache mode is neither "force-cache" nor "only-if-cached", then:

          1. If storedResponse’s header list contains `ETag`, then append `If-None-Match` with its value to httpRequest’s header list.

          2. If storedResponse’s header list contains `Last-Modified`, then append `If-Modified-Since` with its value to httpRequest’s header list.

          See also the "Sending a Validation Request" chapter of HTTP Caching [HTTP-CACHING].

        3. Otherwise, set response to storedResponse and set response’s cache state to "local".

  3. If aborted, then:

    1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

    2. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

    3. Return a network error.

  4. If response is null, then:

    1. If httpRequest’s cache mode is "only-if-cached", then return a network error.

    2. Set forwardResponse to the result of making an HTTP-network fetch using httpRequest with credentials flag if set.

    3. If httpRequest’s method is unsafe and forwardResponse’s status is in the range 200 to 399, inclusive, invalidate appropriate stored responses in the HTTP cache, as per the "Invalidation" chapter of HTTP Caching, and set storedResponse to null. [HTTP-CACHING]

    4. If the revalidatingFlag is set and forwardResponse’s status is 304, then:

      1. Update storedResponse’s header list using forwardResponse’s header list, as per the "Freshening Stored Responses upon Validation" chapter of HTTP Caching. [HTTP-CACHING]

        This updates the stored response in cache as well.

      2. Set response to storedResponse.

    5. If response is null, then:

      1. Set response to forwardResponse.

      2. Store httpRequest and forwardResponse in the HTTP cache, as per the "Storing Responses in Caches" chapter of HTTP Caching. [HTTP-CACHING]

        If forwardResponse is a network error, this effectively caches the network error, which is sometimes known as "negative caching".

  5. If response’s status is 401, CORS flag is unset, credentials flag is set, and request’s window is an environment settings object, then:

    1. Needs testing: multiple `WWW-Authenticate` headers, missing, parsing issues.

    2. If request’s body is non-null, then:

      1. If request’s body’s source is null, then return a network error.

      2. Set request’s body to the first part of extracting request’s body’s source.

        The extracting operation cannot throw as it was called for the same source before.

    3. If request’s use-URL-credentials flag is unset or authentication-fetch flag is set, then:

      1. If the ongoing fetch is terminated, then:

        1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

        2. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

        3. Return a network error.

      2. Let username and password be the result of prompting the end user for a username and password, respectively, in request’s window.

      3. Set the username given request’s current url and username.

      4. Set the password given request’s current url and password.

    4. Set response to the result of performing an HTTP-network-or-cache fetch using request with authentication-fetch flag set.

  6. If response’s status is 407, then:

    1. If request’s window is "no-window", then return a network error.

    2. Needs testing: multiple `Proxy-Authenticate` headers, missing, parsing issues.

    3. If the ongoing fetch is terminated, then:

      1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

      2. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

      3. Return a network error.

    4. Prompt the end user as appropriate in request’s window and store the result as a proxy-authentication entry. [HTTP-AUTH]

      Remaining details surrounding proxy authentication are defined by HTTP.

    5. Set response to the result of performing an HTTP-network-or-cache fetch using request with CORS flag if set.

  7. If authentication-fetch flag is set, then create an authentication entry for request and the given realm.

  8. Return response. Typically response’s body’s stream is still being enqueued to after returning.

4.6. HTTP-network fetch

To perform an HTTP-network fetch using request with an optional credentials flag, run these steps:

  1. Let credentials be true if credentials flag is set, and false otherwise.

  2. Let response be null.

  3. Switch on request’s mode:

    "websocket"

    Let connection be the result of obtaining a WebSocket connection, given request’s current url.

    Otherwise

    Let connection be the result of obtaining a connection, given request’s current url’s origin and credentials.

  4. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

    1. If connection is failure, return a network error.

    2. If connection is not an HTTP/2 connection, request’s body is non-null, and request’s body’s source is null, then append `Transfer-Encoding`/`chunked` to request’s header list.

    3. Set response to the result of making an HTTP request over connection using request with the following caveats:

      The exact layering between Fetch and HTTP still needs to be sorted through and therefore response represents both a response and an HTTP response here.

      If request’s header list contains `Transfer-Encoding`/`chunked` and response is transferred via HTTP/1.0 or older, then return a network error.

      If the HTTP request results in a TLS client certificate dialog, then:

      1. If request’s window is an environment settings object, make the dialog available in request’s window.

      2. Otherwise, return a network error.

      If response was retrieved over HTTPS, set its HTTPS state to either "deprecated" or "modern". [TLS]

      The exact determination here is up to user agents for the time being. User agents are strongly encouraged to only succeed HTTPS connections with strong security properties and return network errors otherwise. Using the "deprecated" state value ought to be a temporary and last resort kind of option.

      Transmit body for request.

  5. If aborted, then:

    1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

    2. If connection uses HTTP/2, then transmit an RST_STREAM frame.

    3. If aborted is set, then return an aborted network error.

    4. Return a network error.

  6. Let strategy be an object. The user agent may choose any object.

    strategy is used to control the queuing strategy of stream constructed below.

  7. Let pull be an action that resumes the ongoing fetch if it is suspended.

  8. Let cancel be an action that terminates the ongoing fetch with the aborted flag set.

  9. Let stream be the result of constructing a ReadableStream object with strategy, pull and cancel.

    This construction operation will not throw an exception.

  10. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

    1. Set response’s body to a new body whose stream is stream.

    2. If response has a payload body length, then set response’s body’s total bytes to that payload body length.

    3. Delete `Content-Encoding` from response’s header list if one of the following conditions is true:

      This deals with broken Apache configurations. Ideally HTTP would define this.

      Gecko bug 1030660 looks into whether this quirk can be removed.

    4. If response is not a network error and request’s cache mode is not "no-store", update response in the HTTP cache for request.

    5. If credentials flag is set and the user agent is not configured to block cookies for request (see section 7 of [COOKIES]), then run the "set-cookie-string" parsing algorithm (see section 5.2 of [COOKIES]) on the value of each header whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for `Set-Cookie` in response’s header list, if any, and request’s current url.

      This is a fingerprinting vector.

  11. If aborted, then:

    1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

    2. If aborted is set, then set response’s aborted flag.

    3. Return response.

  12. Run these steps in parallel:

    1. Run these steps, but abort when the ongoing fetch is terminated:

      1. While true:

        1. If one or more bytes have been transmitted from response’s message body, then:

          1. Let bytes be the transmitted bytes.

          2. Increase response’s body’s transmitted bytes with bytes’ length.

          3. Let codings be the result of extracting header list values given `Content-Encoding` and response’s header list.

          4. Set bytes to the result of handling content codings given codings and bytes.

            This makes the `Content-Length` header unreliable to the extent that it was reliable to begin with.

          5. If bytes is failure, then terminate the ongoing fetch.

          6. Enqueue a Uint8Array object wrapping an ArrayBuffer containing bytes to stream. If that threw an exception, terminate the ongoing fetch, and error stream with that exception.

          7. If stream doesn’t need more data and request’s synchronous flag is unset, ask the user agent to suspend the ongoing fetch.

        2. Otherwise, if the bytes transmission for response’s message body is done normally and stream is readable, then close stream and abort these in-parallel steps.

    2. If aborted, then:

      1. Let aborted be the termination’s aborted flag.

      2. If aborted is set, then:

        1. Set response’s aborted flag.

        2. If stream is readable, error stream with an "AbortError" DOMException.

      3. Otherwise, if stream is readable, error stream with a TypeError.

      4. If connection uses HTTP/2, then transmit an RST_STREAM frame.

      5. Otherwise, the user agent should close connection unless it would be bad for performance to do so.

        For instance, the user agent could keep the connection open if it knows there’s only a few bytes of transfer remaining on a reusable connection. In this case it could be worse to close the connection and go through the handshake process again for the next fetch.

    These are run in parallel as at this point it is unclear whether response’s body is relevant (response might be a redirect).

  13. Return response. Typically response’s body’s stream is still being enqueued to after returning.

4.7. CORS-preflight fetch

This is effectively the user agent implementation of the check to see if the CORS protocol is understood. The so-called CORS-preflight request. If successful it populates the CORS-preflight cache to minimize the number of these fetches.

To perform a CORS-preflight fetch using request, run these steps:

  1. Let preflight be a new request whose method is `OPTIONS`, url is request’s current url, initiator is request’s initiator, destination is request’s destination, origin is request’s origin, referrer is request’s referrer, and referrer policy is request’s referrer policy.

    The service-workers mode of preflight does not matter as this algorithm uses HTTP-network-or-cache fetch rather than HTTP fetch.

  2. Set `Access-Control-Request-Method` to request’s method in preflight’s header list.

  3. Let headers be the names of request’s header list’s headers, excluding CORS-safelisted request-headers and duplicates, sorted lexicographically, and byte-lowercased.

  4. If headers is not empty, then:

    1. Let value be the items in headers separated from each other by `,`.

    2. Set `Access-Control-Request-Headers` to value in preflight’s header list.

    This intentionally does not use combine, as 0x20 following 0x2C is not the way this was implemented, for better or worse.

  5. Let response be the result of performing an HTTP-network-or-cache fetch using preflight.

  6. If a CORS check for request and response returns success and response’s status is an ok status, then:

    The CORS check is done on request rather than preflight to ensure the correct credentials mode is used.

    1. Let methods be the result of extracting header list values given `Access-Control-Allow-Methods` and response’s header list.

    2. Let headerNames be the result of extracting header list values given `Access-Control-Allow-Headers` and response’s header list.

    3. If either methods or headerNames is failure, return a network error.

    4. If methods is null and request’s use-CORS-preflight flag is set, then set methods to a new list containing request’s method.

      This ensures that a CORS-preflight fetch that happened due to request’s use-CORS-preflight flag being set is cached.

    5. If request’s method is not in methods, request’s method is not a CORS-safelisted method, and request’s credentials mode is "include" or methods does not contain `*`, then return a network error.

    6. If one of request’s header list’s names is a CORS non-wildcard request-header name and is not a byte-case-insensitive match for an item in headerNames, then return a network error.

    7. For each header in request’s header list: if header is not a CORS-safelisted request-header, header’s name is not a byte-case-insensitive match for an item in headerNames, and request’s credentials mode is "include" or headerNames does not contain `*`, then return a network error.

    8. Let max-age be the result of extracting header list values given `Access-Control-Max-Age` and response’s header list.

    9. If max-age is failure or null, then set max-age to zero.

    10. If max-age is greater than an imposed limit on max-age, then set max-age to the imposed limit.

    11. If the user agent does not provide for a cache, then return response.

    12. For each method in methods for which there is a method cache match using request, set matching entry’s max-age to max-age.

    13. For each method in methods for which there is no method cache match using request, create a new entry with request, max-age, method, and null.

    14. For each headerName in headerNames for which there is a header-name cache match using request, set matching entry’s max-age to max-age.

    15. For each headerName in headerNames for which there is no header-name cache match using request, create a new entry with request, max-age, null, and headerName.

    16. Return response.

  7. Otherwise, return a network error.

4.8. CORS-preflight cache

A CORS-preflight cache consists of a collection of entries where each entry has these fields:

Entries must be removed after the seconds specified in the max-age field have passed since storing the entry. Entries may be removed before that moment arrives.

To create a new entry in the CORS-preflight cache, given request, max-age, method, and headerName, do so as follows:

origin
request’s origin
url
request’s current url
max-age
max-age
credentials
True if request’s credentials mode is "include", and false otherwise
method
method
header name
headerName

To clear cache entries, given a request, remove any entries in the CORS-preflight cache whose origin is request’s origin and whose url is request’s current url.

There is a cache match for request if origin is request’s origin, url is request’s current url, and one of

is true.

There is a method cache match for method using request when there is an entry in CORS-preflight cache for which there is a cache match for request and its method is method or `*`.

There is a header-name cache match for headerName using request when there is an entry in CORS-preflight cache for which there is a cache match for request and one of

is true.

4.9. CORS check

To perform a CORS check for a request and response, run these steps:

  1. Let origin be the result of extracting header list values given `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` and response’s header list.

    The above will fail for network errors, as they have no headers.

  2. If origin is null or failure, return failure.

    Null is not `null`.

  3. If request’s credentials mode is not "include" and origin is `*`, return success.

  4. If request’s origin, serialized and UTF-8 encoded, is not origin, return failure.

  5. If request’s credentials mode is not "include", return success.

  6. Let credentials be the result of extracting header list values given `Access-Control-Allow-Credentials` and response’s header list.

  7. If credentials is `true`, return success.

  8. Return failure.

5. Fetch API

The fetch() method is relatively low-level API for fetching resources. It covers slightly more ground than XMLHttpRequest, although it is currently lacking when it comes to request progression (not response progression).

The fetch() method makes it quite straightforward to fetch a resource and extract its contents as a Blob:

fetch("/music/pk/altes-kamuffel.flac")
  .then(res => res.blob()).then(playBlob)

If you just care to log a particular response header:

fetch("/", {method:"HEAD"})
  .then(res => log(res.headers.get("strict-transport-security")))

If you want to check a particular response header and then process the response of a cross-origin resources:

fetch("https://pk.example/berlin-calling.json", {mode:"cors"})
  .then(res => {
    if(res.headers.get("content-type") &&
       res.headers.get("content-type").toLowerCase().indexOf("application/json") >= 0) {
      return res.json()
    } else {
      throw new TypeError()
    }
  }).then(processJSON)

If you want to work with URL query parameters:

var url = new URL("https://geo.example.org/api"),
    params = {lat:35.696233, long:139.570431}
Object.keys(params).forEach(key => url.searchParams.append(key, params[key]))
fetch(url).then(/* … */)

If you want to receive the body data progressively:

function consume(reader) {
  var total = 0
  return pump()
  function pump() {
    return reader.read().then(({done, value}) => {
      if (done) {
        return
      }
      total += value.byteLength
      log(`received ${value.byteLength} bytes (${total} bytes in total)`)
      return pump()
    })
  }
}

fetch("/music/pk/altes-kamuffel.flac")
  .then(res => consume(res.body.getReader()))
  .then(() => log("consumed the entire body without keeping the whole thing in memory!"))
  .catch(e => log("something went wrong: " + e))

5.1. Headers class

typedef (sequence<sequence<ByteString>> or record<ByteString, ByteString>) HeadersInit;

[Constructor(optional HeadersInit init),
 Exposed=(Window,Worker)]
interface Headers {
  void append(ByteString name, ByteString value);
  void delete(ByteString name);
  ByteString? get(ByteString name);
  boolean has(ByteString name);
  void set(ByteString name, ByteString value);
  iterable<ByteString, ByteString>;
};

Constructing a Headers object from scratch is fairly straightforward. You could pass in a JavaScript object representing a header hash map, or an array of ordered pairs:

var meta = { "Content-Type": "text/xml", "Breaking-Bad": "<3" }
new Headers(meta)

// The above is equivalent to
var meta = [
  [ "Content-Type", "text/xml" ],
  [ "Breaking-Bad", "<3" ]
]
new Headers(meta)

A Headers object has an associated header list (a header list), which is initially empty. This can be a pointer to the header list of something else, e.g., of a request as demonstrated by Request objects.

A Headers object also has an associated guard, which is "immutable", "request", "request-no-cors", "response" or "none".

"immutable" exists for service workers. [SW]

To append a name/value (name/value) pair to a Headers object (headers), run these steps:

  1. Normalize value.

  2. If name is not a name or value is not a value, then throw a TypeError.

  3. If guard is "immutable", then throw a TypeError.

  4. Otherwise, if guard is "request" and name is a forbidden header name, return.

  5. Otherwise, if guard is "request-no-cors" and name/value is not a CORS-safelisted request-header, return.

  6. Otherwise, if guard is "response" and name is a forbidden response-header name, return.

  7. Append name/value to header list.

To fill a Headers object (headers) with a given object (object), run these steps:

  1. If object is a sequence, then for each header in object:

    1. If header does not contain exactly two items, then throw a TypeError.

    2. Append header’s first item/header’s second item to headers.

  2. Otherwise, object is a record, then for each keyvalue in object, append key/value to headers.

The Headers(init) constructor, when invoked, must run these steps:

  1. Let headers be a new Headers object whose guard is "none".

  2. If init is given, fill headers with init.

  3. Return headers.

The append(name, value) method, when invoked, must append name/value to context object.

The delete(name) method, when invoked, must run these steps:

  1. If name is not a name, then throw a TypeError.

  2. If guard is "immutable", then throw a TypeError.

  3. Otherwise, if guard is "request" and name is a forbidden header name, return.

  4. Otherwise, if guard is "request-no-cors" and name/`invalid` is not a CORS-safelisted request-header, then return.

    `invalid` is used because delete() is not passed a value as argument.

  5. Otherwise, if guard is "response" and name is a forbidden response-header name, return.

  6. Delete name from header list.

The get(name) method, when invoked, must run these steps:

  1. If name is not a name, then throw a TypeError.

  2. If header list does not contain name, then return null.

  3. Return the combined value given name and header list.

The has(name) method, when invoked, must run these steps:

  1. If name is not a name, then throw a TypeError.

  2. Return true if header list contains name, and false otherwise.

The set(name, value) method, when invoked, must run these steps:

  1. Normalize value.

  2. If name is not a name or value is not a value, then throw a TypeError.

  3. If guard is "immutable", then throw a TypeError.

  4. Otherwise, if guard is "request" and name is a forbidden header name, return.

  5. Otherwise, if guard is "request-no-cors" and name/value is not a CORS-safelisted request-header, return.

  6. Otherwise, if guard is "response" and name is a forbidden response-header name, return.

  7. Set name/value in header list.

The value pairs to iterate over are the return value of running sort and combine with the header list.

5.2. Body mixin

typedef (Blob or BufferSource or FormData or URLSearchParams or ReadableStream or USVString) BodyInit;

To extract a body and a `Content-Type` value from object, with an optional keepalive flag, run these steps:

  1. Let stream be the result of constructing a ReadableStream object.

  2. Let Content-Type be null.

  3. Let action be null.

  4. Let source be null.

  5. Switch on object’s type:

    Blob

    Set action to an action that reads object.

    If object’s type attribute is not the empty byte sequence, set Content-Type to its value.

    Set source to object.

    BufferSource

    Enqueue a Uint8Array object wrapping an ArrayBuffer containing a copy of the bytes held by object to stream and close stream. If that threw an exception, error stream with that exception.

    Set source to object.

    FormData

    Set action to an action that runs the multipart/form-data encoding algorithm, with object as form data set and with UTF-8 as the explicit character encoding.

    Set Content-Type to `multipart/form-data; boundary=`, followed by the multipart/form-data boundary string generated by the multipart/form-data encoding algorithm.

    Set source to object.

    URLSearchParams

    Set action to an action that runs the application/x-www-form-urlencoded serializer with object’s list.

    Set Content-Type to `application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=UTF-8`.

    Set source to object.

    USVString

    Set action to an action that runs UTF-8 encode on object.

    Set Content-Type to `text/plain;charset=UTF-8`.

    Set source to object.

    ReadableStream

    Set stream to object.

  6. If keepalive flag is set and object’s type is a ReadableStream object, then throw a TypeError.

  7. If action is non-null, run action in parallel:

    1. Whenever one or more bytes are available, let bytes be the bytes and enqueue a Uint8Array object wrapping an ArrayBuffer containing bytes to stream. If creating the ArrayBuffer threw an exception, error stream with that exception and cancel running action.

    2. When running action is done, close stream.

  8. Let body be a body whose stream is stream and whose source is source.

  9. Return body and Content-Type.

interface mixin Body {
  readonly attribute ReadableStream? body;
  readonly attribute boolean bodyUsed;
  [NewObject] Promise<ArrayBuffer> arrayBuffer();
  [NewObject] Promise<Blob> blob();
  [NewObject] Promise<FormData> formData();
  [NewObject] Promise<any> json();
  [NewObject] Promise<USVString> text();
};

Formats you would not want a network layer to be dependent upon, such as HTML, will likely not be exposed here. Rather, an HTML parser API might accept a stream in due course.

Objects implementing the Body mixin gain an associated body (null or a body) and a MIME type (initially the empty byte sequence).

An object implementing the Body mixin is said to be disturbed if body is non-null and its stream is disturbed.

An object implementing the Body mixin is said to be locked if body is non-null and its stream is locked.

The body attribute’s getter must return null if body is null and body’s stream otherwise.

The bodyUsed attribute’s getter must return true if disturbed, and false otherwise.

Objects implementing the Body mixin also have an associated package data algorithm, given bytes, a type and a mimeType, switches on type, and runs the associated steps:

ArrayBuffer

Return a new ArrayBuffer whose contents are bytes.

Allocating an ArrayBuffer can throw a RangeError.

Blob

Return a Blob whose contents are bytes and type attribute is mimeType.

FormData

If mimeType (ignoring parameters) is `multipart/form-data`, then:

  1. Parse bytes, using the value of the `boundary` parameter from mimeType, per the rules set forth in Returning Values from Forms: multipart/form-data. [RFC7578]

    Each part whose `Content-Disposition` header contains a `filename` parameter must be parsed into an entry whose value is a File object whose contents are the contents of the part. The name attribute of the File object must have the value of the `filename` parameter of the part. The type attribute of the File object must have the value of the `Content-Type` header of the part if the part has such header, and `text/plain` (the default defined by [RFC7578] section 4.4) otherwise.

    Each part whose `Content-Disposition` header does not contain a `filename` parameter must be parsed into an entry whose value is the UTF-8 decoded content of the part. This is done regardless of the presence or the value of a `Content-Type` header and regardless of the presence or the value of a `charset` parameter.

    A part whose `Content-Disposition` header contains a `name` parameter whose value is `_charset_` is parsed like any other part. It does not change the encoding.

  2. If that fails for some reason, then throw a TypeError.

  3. Return a new FormData object, appending each entry, resulting from the parsing operation, to entries.

The above is a rough approximation of what is needed for `multipart/form-data`, a more detailed parsing specification is to be written. Volunteers welcome.

Otherwise, if mimeType (ignoring parameters) is `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`, then:

  1. Let entries be the result of parsing bytes.

  2. If entries is failure, then throw a TypeError.

  3. Return a new FormData object whose entries are entries.

Otherwise, throw a TypeError.

JSON

Return the result of running parse JSON from bytes on bytes.

text

Return the result of running UTF-8 decode on bytes.

Objects implementing the Body mixin also have an associated consume body algorithm, given a type, runs these steps:

  1. If this object is disturbed or locked, return a new promise rejected with a TypeError.

  2. Let stream be body’s stream if body is non-null, or an empty ReadableStream object otherwise.

  3. Let reader be the result of getting a reader from stream. If that threw an exception, return a new promise rejected with that exception.

  4. Let promise be the result of reading all bytes from stream with reader.

  5. Return the result of transforming promise by a fulfillment handler that returns the result of the package data algorithm with its first argument, type and this object’s MIME type.

The arrayBuffer() method, when invoked, must return the result of running consume body with ArrayBuffer.

The blob() method, when invoked, must return the result of running consume body with Blob.

The formData() method, when invoked, must return the result of running consume body with FormData.

The json() method, when invoked, must return the result of running consume body with JSON.

The text() method, when invoked, must return the result of running consume body with text.

5.3. Request class

typedef (Request or USVString) RequestInfo;

[Constructor(RequestInfo input, optional RequestInit init),
 Exposed=(Window,Worker)]
interface Request {
  readonly attribute ByteString method;
  readonly attribute USVString url;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute Headers headers;

  readonly attribute RequestDestination destination;
  readonly attribute USVString referrer;
  readonly attribute ReferrerPolicy referrerPolicy;
  readonly attribute RequestMode mode;
  readonly attribute RequestCredentials credentials;
  readonly attribute RequestCache cache;
  readonly attribute RequestRedirect redirect;
  readonly attribute DOMString integrity;
  readonly attribute boolean keepalive;
  readonly attribute boolean isReloadNavigation;
  readonly attribute AbortSignal signal;

  [NewObject] Request clone();
};
Request includes Body;

dictionary RequestInit {
  ByteString method;
  HeadersInit headers;
  BodyInit? body;
  USVString referrer;
  ReferrerPolicy referrerPolicy;
  RequestMode mode;
  RequestCredentials credentials;
  RequestCache cache;
  RequestRedirect redirect;
  DOMString integrity;
  boolean keepalive;
  AbortSignal? signal;
  any window; // can only be set to null
};

enum RequestDestination { "", "audio", "audioworklet", "document", "embed", "font", "image", "manifest", "object", "paintworklet", "report", "script", "sharedworker", "style",  "track", "video", "worker", "xslt" };
enum RequestMode { "navigate", "same-origin", "no-cors", "cors" };
enum RequestCredentials { "omit", "same-origin", "include" };
enum RequestCache { "default", "no-store", "reload", "no-cache", "force-cache", "only-if-cached" };
enum RequestRedirect { "follow", "error", "manual" };

"serviceworker" is omitted from RequestDestination as it cannot be observed from JavaScript. Implementations will still need to support it as a destination. "websocket" is omitted from RequestMode as it cannot be used nor observed from JavaScript.

A Request object has an associated request (a request).

A Request object also has an associated headers (null or a Headers object), initially null.

A Request object has an associated signal (an AbortSignal object), initially a new AbortSignal object.

A Request object’s body is its request’s body.

request = new Request(input [, init])

Returns a new request whose url property is input if input is a string, and input’s url if input is a Request object.

The init argument is an object whose properties can be set as follows:

method
A string to set request’s method.
headers
A Headers object, an object literal, or an array of two-item arrays to set request’s headers.
body
A BodyInit object or null to set request’s body.
referrer
A string whose value is a same-origin URL, "about:client", or the empty string, to set request’s referrer.
referrerPolicy
A referrer policy to set request’s referrerPolicy.
mode
A string to indicate whether the request will use CORS, or will be restricted to same-origin URLs. Sets request’s mode.
credentials
A string indicating whether credentials will be sent with the request always, never, or only when sent to a same-origin URL. Sets request’s credentials.
cache
A string indicating how the request will interact with the browser’s cache to set request’s cache.
redirect
A string indicating whether request follows redirects, results in an error upon encountering a redirect, or returns the redirect (in an opaque fashion). Sets request’s redirect.
integrity
A cryptographic hash of the resource to be fetched by request. Sets request’s integrity.
keepalive
A boolean to set request’s keepalive.
signal
An AbortSignal to set request’s signal.
window
Can only be null. Used to disassociate request from any Window.
request . method
Returns request’s HTTP method, which is "GET" by default.
request . url
Returns the URL of request as a string.
request . headers
Returns a Headers object consisting of the headers associated with request. Note that headers added in the network layer by the user agent will not be accounted for in this object, e.g., the "Host" header.
request . destination
Returns the kind of resource requested by request, e.g., "document" or "script".
request . referrer
Returns the referrer of request. Its value can be a same-origin URL if explicitly set in init, the empty string to indicate no referrer, and "about:client" when defaulting to the global’s default. This is used during fetching to determine the value of the `Referer` header of the request being made.
request . referrerPolicy
Returns the referrer policy associated with request. This is used during fetching to compute the value of the request’s referrer.
request . mode
Returns the mode associated with request, which is a string indicating whether the request will use CORS, or will be restricted to same-origin URLs.
request . credentials
Returns the credentials mode associated with request, which is a string indicating whether credentials will be sent with the request always, never, or only when sent to a same-origin URL.
request . cache
Returns the cache mode associated with request, which is a string indicating how the the request will interact with the browser’s cache when fetching.
request . redirect
Returns the redirect mode associated with request, which is a string indicating how redirects for the request will be handled during fetching. A request will follow redirects by default.
request . integrity
Returns request’s subresource integrity metadata, which is a cryptographic hash of the resource being fetched. Its value consists of multiple hashes separated by whitespace. [SRI]
request . keepalive
Returns a boolean indicating whether or not request can outlive the global in which it was created.
request . isReloadNavigation
Returns a boolean indicating whether or not request is for a reload navigation.
request . signal
Returns the signal associated with request, which is an AbortSignal object indicating whether or not request has been aborted, and its abort event handler.

The Request(input, init) constructor must run these steps:

  1. Let request be null.

  2. Let fallbackMode be null.

  3. Let fallbackCredentials be null.

  4. Let baseURL be current settings object’s API base URL.

  5. Let signal be null.

  6. If input is a string, then:

    1. Let parsedURL be the result of parsing input with baseURL.

    2. If parsedURL is failure, then throw a TypeError.

    3. If parsedURL includes credentials, then throw a TypeError.

    4. Set request to a new request whose url is parsedURL.

    5. Set fallbackMode to "cors".

    6. Set fallbackCredentials to "same-origin".

  7. Otherwise (input is a Request object):

    1. Set request to input’s request.

    2. Set signal to input’s signal.

  8. Let origin be current settings object’s origin.

  9. Let window be "client".

  10. If request’s window is an environment settings object and its origin is same origin with origin, set window to request’s window.

  11. If init’s window member is present and it is non-null, then throw a TypeError.

  12. If init’s window member is present, set window to "no-window".

  13. Set request to a new request whose url is request’s current url, method is request’s method, header list is a copy of request’s header list, unsafe-request flag is set, client is current settings object, window is window, origin is "client", referrer is request’s referrer, referrer policy is request’s referrer policy, mode is request’s mode, credentials mode is request’s credentials mode, cache mode is request’s cache mode, redirect mode is request’s redirect mode, integrity metadata is request’s integrity metadata, keepalive flag is request’s keepalive flag, and reload-navigation flag is request’s reload-navigation flag.

  14. If any of init’s members are present, then:

    1. If request’s mode is "navigate", then set it to "same-origin".

    2. Unset request’s reload-navigation flag.

    3. Set request’s referrer to "client"

    4. Set request’s referrer policy to the empty string.

    This is done to ensure that when a service worker "redirects" a request, e.g., from an image in a cross-origin stylesheet, and makes modifications, it no longer appears to come from the original source (i.e., the cross-origin stylesheet), but instead from the service worker that "redirected" the request. This is important as the original source might not even be able to generate the same kind of requests as the service worker. Services that trust the original source could therefore be exploited were this not done, although that is somewhat farfetched.

  15. If init’s referrer member is present, then:

    1. Let referrer be init’s referrer member.

    2. If referrer is the empty string, then set request’s referrer to "no-referrer".

    3. Otherwise:

      1. Let parsedReferrer be the result of parsing referrer with baseURL.

      2. If parsedReferrer is failure, then throw a TypeError.

      3. If one of the following conditions is true, then set request’s referrer to "client":

      4. Otherwise, set request’s referrer to parsedReferrer.

  16. If init’s referrerPolicy member is present, set request’s referrer policy to it.

  17. Let mode be init’s mode member if it is present, and fallbackMode otherwise.

  18. If mode is "navigate", then throw a TypeError.

  19. If mode is non-null, set request’s mode to mode.

  20. Let credentials be init’s credentials member if it is present, and fallbackCredentials otherwise.

  21. If credentials is non-null, set request’s credentials mode to credentials.

  22. If init’s cache member is present, set request’s cache mode to it.

  23. If request’s cache mode is "only-if-cached" and request’s mode is not "same-origin", then throw a TypeError.

  24. If init’s redirect member is present, set request’s redirect mode to it.

  25. If init’s integrity member is present, set request’s integrity metadata to it.

  26. If init’s keepalive member is present, then set request’s keepalive flag if init’s keepalive member is true, and unset it otherwise.

  27. If init’s method member is present, then:

    1. Let method be init’s method member.

    2. If method is not a method or method is a forbidden method, then throw a TypeError.

    3. Normalize method.

    4. Set request’s method to method.

  28. If init’s signal member is present, then set signal to it.

  29. Let r be a new Request object associated with request.

  30. Set r’s headers to a new Headers object, whose header list is request’s header list, and guard is "request".

  31. If signal is not null, then make r’s signal follow signal.

  32. Let headers be a copy of r’s headers and its associated header list.

  33. If init’s headers member is present, set headers to init’s headers member.

  34. Empty r’s headers’s header list.

  35. If r’s request’s mode is "no-cors", then:

    1. If r’s request’s method is not a CORS-safelisted method, then throw a TypeError.

    2. Set r’s headers’s guard to "request-no-cors".

  36. If headers is a Headers object, then for each header in its header list, append header’s name/header’s value to r’s Headers object.

  37. Otherwise, fill r’s Headers object with headers.

  38. Let inputBody be input’s request’s body if input is a Request object, and null otherwise.

  39. If either init’s body member is present and is non-null or inputBody is non-null, and request’s method is `GET` or `HEAD`, then throw a TypeError.

  40. Let body be inputBody.

  41. If init’s body member is present and is non-null, then:

    1. Let Content-Type be null.

    2. If init’s keepalive member is present and is true, then set body and Content-Type to the result of extracting init’s body member, with keepalive flag set.

    3. Otherwise, set body and Content-Type to the result of extracting init’s body member.

    4. If Content-Type is non-null and r’s headers’s header list does not contain `Content-Type`, then append `Content-Type`/Content-Type to r’s headers.

  42. If body is non-null and body’s source is null, then:

    1. If r’s request’s mode is neither "same-origin" nor "cors", then throw a TypeError.

    2. Set r’s request’s use-CORS-preflight flag.

  43. If inputBody is body and input is disturbed or locked, then throw a TypeError.

  44. If inputBody is non-null and inputBody is body, then:

    1. Let rs bs a ReadableStream object from which one can read the exactly same data as one could read from inputBody’s stream.

      This will be specified more precisely once transform stream and piping are precisely defined. See the issue.

      This makes inputBody’s stream locked and disturbed immediately.

    2. Set body to a new body whose stream is rs, whose source is inputBody’s source, and whose total bytes is inputBody’s total bytes.

  45. Set r’s request’s body to body.

  46. Set r’s MIME type to the result of extracting a MIME type from r’s request’s header list.

  47. Return r.

The method attribute’s getter must return request’s method.

The url attribute’s getter must return request’s url, serialized.

The headers attribute’s getter must return the associated headers.

The destination attribute’s getter must return request’s destination.

The referrer attribute’s getter must return the empty string if request’s referrer is "no-referrer", "about:client" if request’s referrer is "client", and request’s referrer, serialized, otherwise.

The referrerPolicy attribute’s getter must return request’s referrer policy.

The mode attribute’s getter must return request’s mode.

The credentials attribute’s getter must return request’s credentials mode.

The cache attribute’s getter must return request’s cache mode.

The redirect attribute’s getter must return request’s redirect mode.

The integrity attribute’s getter must return request’s integrity metadata.

The keepalive attribute’s getter must return true if request’s keepalive flag is set, and false otherwise.

The isReloadNavigation attribute’s getter, when invoked, must return true if the context object’s request’s reload-navigation flag is set, and false otherwise.

The signal attribute’s getter must return the associated signal.


The clone() method, when invoked, must run these steps:

  1. If this Request object is disturbed or locked, then throw a TypeError.

  2. Let clonedRequestObject be a new Request object.

  3. Let clonedRequest be the result of cloning context object’s request.

  4. Set clonedRequestObject’s request to clonedRequest.

  5. Set clonedRequestObject’s headers to a new Headers object whose header list is set to clonedRequest’s header list, and guard is context object’s headers' guard.

  6. Make clonedRequestObject’s signal follow context object’s signal.

  7. Return clonedRequestObject.

5.4. Response class

[Constructor(optional BodyInit? body = null, optional ResponseInit init), Exposed=(Window,Worker)]
interface Response {
  [NewObject] static Response error();
  [NewObject] static Response redirect(USVString url, optional unsigned short status = 302);

  readonly attribute ResponseType type;

  readonly attribute USVString url;
  readonly attribute boolean redirected;
  readonly attribute unsigned short status;
  readonly attribute boolean ok;
  readonly attribute ByteString statusText;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute Headers headers;
  readonly attribute Promise<Headers> trailer;

  [NewObject] Response clone();
};
Response includes Body;

dictionary ResponseInit {
  unsigned short status = 200;
  ByteString statusText = "OK";
  HeadersInit headers;
};

enum ResponseType { "basic", "cors", "default", "error", "opaque", "opaqueredirect" };

A Response object has an associated response (a response).

A Response object also has an associated headers (null or a Headers object), initially null.

A Response object also has an associated trailer promise (a promise). Used for the trailer attribute.

A Response object’s body is its response’s body.

The Response(body, init) constructor, when invoked, must run these steps:

  1. If init’s status member is not in the range 200 to 599, inclusive, then throw a RangeError.

  2. If init’s statusText member does not match the reason-phrase token production, then throw a TypeError.

  3. Let r be a new Response object associated with a new response.

  4. Set r’s headers to a new Headers object, whose header list is r’s response’s header list, and guard is "response".

  5. Set r’s response’s status to init’s status member.

  6. Set r’s response’s status message to init’s statusText member.

  7. If init’s headers member is present, then fill r’s headers with init’s headers member.

  8. If body is non-null, then:

    1. If init’s status member is a null body status, then throw a TypeError.

      101 is included in null body status due to its use elsewhere. It does not affect this step.

    2. Let Content-Type be null.

    3. Set r’s response’s body and Content-Type to the result of extracting body.

    4. If Content-Type is non-null and r’s response’s header list does not contain `Content-Type`, then append `Content-Type`/Content-Type to r’s response’s header list.

  9. Set r’s MIME type to the result of extracting a MIME type from r’s response’s header list.

  10. Set r’s response’s HTTPS state to current settings object’s HTTPS state.

  11. Resolve r’s trailer promise with a new Headers object whose guard is "immutable".

  12. Return r.

The static error() method, when invoked, must run these steps:

  1. Let r be a new Response object, whose response is a new network error.

  2. Set r’s headers to a new Headers object whose guard is "immutable".

  3. Return r.

The static redirect(url, status) method, when invoked, must run these steps:

  1. Let parsedURL be the result of parsing url with current settings object’s API base URL.

  2. If parsedURL is failure, then throw a TypeError.

  3. If status is not a redirect status, then throw a RangeError.

  4. Let r be a new Response object, whose response is a new response.

  5. Set r’s headers to a new Headers object whose guard is "immutable".

  6. Set r’s response’s status to status.

  7. Set `Location` to parsedURL, serialized and UTF-8 encoded, in r’s response’s header list.

  8. Return r.

The type attribute’s getter must return response’s type.

The url attribute’s getter must return the empty string if response’s url is null and response’s url, serialized with the exclude-fragment flag set, otherwise. [URL]

The redirected attribute’s getter must return true if response’s url list has more than one item, and false otherwise.

To filter out responses that are the result of a redirect, do this directly through the API, e.g., fetch(url, { redirect:"error" }). This way a potentially unsafe response cannot accidentally leak.

The status attribute’s getter must return response’s status.

The ok attribute’s getter must return true if response’s status is an ok status, and false otherwise.

The statusText attribute’s getter must return response’s status message.

The headers attribute’s getter must return the associated Headers object.

The trailer attribute’s getter must return the associated trailer promise.


The clone() method, when invoked, must run these steps:

  1. If context object is disturbed or locked, then throw a TypeError.

  2. Let clonedResponseObject be a new Response object.

  3. Let clonedResponse be the result of cloning context object’s response.

  4. Set clonedResponseObject’s response to clonedResponse.

  5. Set clonedResponseObject’s headers to a new Headers object whose header list is set to clonedResponse’s header list, and guard is context object’s headers' guard.

  6. Upon fulfillment of context object’s trailer promise, resolve clonedResponseObject’s trailer promise with a new Headers object whose guard is "immutable", and whose header list is clonedResponse’s trailer.

  7. Return clonedResponseObject.

  8. Return clonedResponse.

5.5. Fetch method

partial interface mixin WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope {
  [NewObject] Promise<Response> fetch(RequestInfo input, optional RequestInit init);
};

The fetch(input, init) method, must run these steps:

  1. Let p be a new promise.

  2. Let requestObject be the result of invoking the initial value of Request as constructor with input and init as arguments. If this throws an exception, reject p with it and return p

  3. Let request be requestObject’s request.

  4. If requestObject’s signal’s aborted flag is set, then:

    1. Abort fetch with p, request, and null.

    2. Return p.

  5. If request’s client’s global object is a ServiceWorkerGlobalScope object, then set request’s service-workers mode to "none".
  6. Let responseObject be a new Response object and a new associated Headers object whose guard is "immutable".

  7. Let locallyAborted be false.

    This lets us reject promises with predictable timing, when the request to abort comes from the same thread as the call to fetch.

  8. Add the following abort steps to requestObject’s signal:

    1. Set locallyAborted to true.

    2. Abort fetch with p, request, and responseObject.

    3. Terminate the ongoing fetch with the aborted flag set.

  9. Run the following in parallel:

    Fetch request.

    To process response for response, run these substeps:

    1. If locallyAborted is true, terminate these substeps.

    2. If response’s aborted flag is set, then abort fetch with p, request, and responseObject, and terminate these substeps.

    3. If response is a network error, then reject p with a TypeError and terminate these substeps.

    4. Associate responseObject with response.

    5. Resolve p with responseObject.

    To process response done for response, run these substeps:

    1. If locallyAborted is true, terminate these substeps.

    2. Let trailerObject be a new Headers object whose guard is "immutable".

    3. If response’s trailer failed flag is set, then:

      1. If response’s aborted flag is set, reject responseObject’s trailer promise with an "AbortError" DOMException.

      2. Otherwise, reject responseObject’s trailer promise with a TypeError.

      3. Terminate these substeps.

    4. Associate trailerObject with response’s trailer.

    5. Resolve responseObject’s trailer promise with trailerObject.

  10. Return p.

To abort fetch with a promise, request, and responseObject, run these steps:

  1. Let error be an "AbortError" DOMException.

  2. Reject promise with error.

    This is a no-op if promise has already fulfilled.

  3. If request’s body is not null and is readable, then cancel request’s body with error.

  4. If responseObject is null, then return.

  5. Reject responseObject’s trailer promise with error.

    This is a no-op if responseObject’s trailer promise has already fulfilled.

  6. Let response be responseObject’s response.

  7. If response’s body is not null and is readable, then error response’s body with error.

5.6. Garbage collection

The user agent may terminate an ongoing fetch if that termination is not observable through script.

"Observable through script" means observable through fetch()’s arguments and return value. Other ways, such as communicating with the server through a side-channel are not included.

The server being able to observe garbage collection has precedent, e.g., with WebSocket and XMLHttpRequest objects.

The user agent can terminate the fetch because the termination cannot be observed.

fetch("https://www.example.com/")

The user agent cannot terminate the fetch because the termination can be observed through the promise.

window.promise = fetch("https://www.example.com/")

The user agent can terminate the fetch because the associated body is not observable.

window.promise = fetch("https://www.example.com/").then(res => res.headers)

The user agent can terminate the fetch because the termination cannot be observed.

fetch("https://www.example.com/").then(res => res.body.getReader().closed)

The user agent cannot terminate the fetch because one can observe the termination by registering a handler for the promise object.

window.promise = fetch("https://www.example.com/")
  .then(res => res.body.getReader().closed)

The user agent cannot terminate the fetch as termination would be observable via the registered handler.

fetch("https://www.example.com/")
  .then(res => {
    res.body.getReader().closed.then(() => console.log("stream closed!"))
  })

(The above examples of non-observability assume that built-in properties and functions, such as body.getReader(), have not been overwritten.)

6. WebSocket protocol alterations

This section replaces part of the WebSocket protocol opening handshake client requirement to integrate it with algorithms defined in Fetch. This way CSP, cookies, HSTS, and other Fetch-related protocols are handled in a single location. Ideally the RFC would be updated with this language, but it is never that easy. The WebSocket API, defined in the HTML Standard, has been updated to use this language. [WSP] [HTML]

The way this works is by replacing The WebSocket Protocol’s "establish a WebSocket connection" algorithm with a new one that integrates with Fetch. "Establish a WebSocket connection" consists of three algorithms: setting up a connection, creating and transmiting a handshake request, and validating the handshake response. That layering is different from Fetch, which first creates a handshake, then sets up a connection and transmits the handshake, and finally validates the response. Keep that in mind while reading these alterations.

6.1. Connections

To obtain a WebSocket connection, given a url, run these steps:

  1. Let host be url’s host.

  2. Let port be url’s port.

  3. Let secure be false, if url’s scheme is "http", and true otherwise.

  4. Follow the requirements stated in step 2 to 5, inclusive, of the first set of steps in section 4.1 of The WebSocket Protocol to establish a WebSocket connection. [WSP]

  5. If that established a connection, return it, and return failure otherwise.

Although structured a little differently, carrying different properties, and therefore not shareable, a WebSocket connection is very close to identical to an "ordinary" connection.

6.2. Opening handshake

To establish a WebSocket connection, given a url, protocols, and client, run these steps:

  1. Let requestURL be a copy of url, with its scheme set to "http", if url’s scheme is "ws", and to "https" otherwise.

    This change of scheme is essential to integrate well with fetching. E.g., HSTS would not work without it. There is no real reason for WebSocket to have distinct schemes, it’s a legacy artefact. [HSTS]

  2. Let request be a new request, whose url is requestURL, client is client, service-workers mode is "none", referrer is "no-referrer", synchronous flag is set, mode is "websocket", credentials mode is "include", cache mode is "no-store", and redirect mode is "error".

  3. Append `Upgrade`/`websocket` to request’s header list.

  4. Append `Connection`/`Upgrade` to request’s header list.

  5. Let keyValue be a nonce consisting of a randomly selected 16-byte value that has been base64-encoded (see section 4 of [RFC4648]).

    If the randomly selected value was the byte sequence 0x01 0x02 0x03 0x04 0x05 0x06 0x07 0x08 0x09 0x0a 0x0b 0x0c 0x0d 0x0e 0x0f 0x10, keyValue would be `AQIDBAUGBwgJCgsMDQ4PEC==`.

  6. Append `Sec-WebSocket-Key`/keyValue to request’s header list.

  7. Append `Sec-WebSocket-Version`/`13` to request’s header list.

  8. For each protocol in protocols, combine `Sec-WebSocket-Protocol`/protocol in request’s header list.

  9. Let permessageDeflate be a user-agent defined "permessage-deflate" extension header value. [WSP]

    `permessage-deflate; client_max_window_bits`

  10. Append `Sec-WebSocket-Extensions`/permessageDeflate to request’s header list.

  11. Let response be the result of fetching request.

  12. If response is a network error or its status is not 101, fail the WebSocket connection.

  13. If protocols is not the empty list and extracting header list values given `Sec-WebSocket-Protocol` and response’s header list results in null, failure, or the empty byte sequence, then fail the WebSocket connection.

    This is different from the check on this header defined by The WebSocket Protocol. That only covers a subprotocol not requested by the client. This covers a subprotocol requested by the client, but not acknowledged by the server.

  14. Follow the requirements stated step 2 to step 6, inclusive, of the last set of steps in section 4.1 of The WebSocket Protocol to validate response. This either results in fail the WebSocket connection or the WebSocket connection is established.

Fail the WebSocket connection and the WebSocket connection is established are defined by The WebSocket Protocol. [WSP]

The reason redirects are not followed, HTTP authentication will not function, and this handshake is generally restricted is because that could introduce serious security problems in a web browser context. For example, consider a host with a WebSocket server at one path and an open HTTP redirector at another. Suddenly, any script that can be given a particular WebSocket URL can be tricked into communicating to (and potentially sharing secrets with) any host on the internet, even if the script checks that the URL has the right hostname.

7. data: URLs

For an informative description of data: URLs, see RFC 2397. This section replaces that RFC’s normative processing requirements to be compatible with deployed content. [RFC2397]

A data: URL struct is a struct that consists of a MIME type (a MIME type) and a body (a byte sequence).

The data: URL processor takes a URL dataURL and then runs these steps:

  1. Assert: dataURL’s scheme is "data".

  2. Let input be the result of running the URL serializer on dataURL with the exclude fragment flag set.

  3. Remove the leading "data:" string from input.

  4. Let position point at the start of input.

  5. Let mimeType be the result of collecting a sequence of code points that are not equal to U+002C (,), given position.

  6. Strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace from mimeType.

    This will only remove U+0020 SPACE code points, if any.

  7. If position is past the end of input, then return failure.

  8. Advance position by 1.

  9. Let encodedBody be the remainder of input.

  10. Let body be the string percent decoding of encodedBody.

  11. If mimeType ends with U+003B (;), followed by zero or more U+0020 SPACE, followed by an ASCII case-insensitive match for "base64", then:

    1. Let stringBody be the isomorphic decode of body.

    2. Set body to the forgiving-base64 decode of stringBody.

    3. If body is failure, then return failure.

    4. Remove the last 6 code points from mimeType.

    5. Remove trailing U+0020 SPACE code points from mimeType, if any.

    6. Remove the last U+003B (;) code point from mimeType.

  12. If mimeType starts with U+003B (;), then prepend "text/plain" to mimeType.

  13. Let mimeTypeRecord be the result of parsing mimeType.

  14. If mimeTypeRecord is failure, then set mimeTypeRecord to text/plain;charset=US-ASCII.

  15. Return a new data: URL struct whose MIME type is mimeTypeRecord and body is body.

Background reading

This section and its subsections are informative only.

HTTP header layer division

For the purposes of fetching, there is an API layer (HTML’s img, CSS' background-image), early fetch layer, service worker layer, and network & cache layer. `Accept` and `Accept-Language` are set in the early fetch layer (typically by the user agent). Most other headers controlled by the user agent, such as `Accept-Encoding`, `Host`, and `Referer`, are set in the network & cache layer. Developers can set headers either at the API layer or in the service worker layer (typically through a Request object). Developers have almost no control over forbidden headers, but can control `Accept` and have the means to constrain and omit `Referer` for instance.

Atomic HTTP redirect handling

Redirects (a response whose status or internal response’s (if any) status is a redirect status) are not exposed to APIs. Exposing redirects might leak information not otherwise available through a cross-site scripting attack.

A fetch to https://example.org/auth that includes a Cookie marked HttpOnly could result in a redirect to https://other-origin.invalid/4af955781ea1c84a3b11. This new URL contains a secret. If we expose redirects that secret would be available through a cross-site scripting attack.

Basic safe CORS protocol setup

For resources where data is protected through IP authentication or a firewall (unfortunately relatively common still), using the CORS protocol is unsafe. (This is the reason why the CORS protocol had to be invented.)

However, otherwise using the following header is safe:

Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *

Even if a resource exposes additional information based on cookie or HTTP authentication, using the above header will not reveal it. It will share the resource with APIs such as XMLHttpRequest, much like it is already shared with curl and wget.

Thus in other words, if a resource cannot be accessed from a random device connected to the web using curl and wget the aforementioned header is not to be included. If it can be accessed however, it is perfectly fine to do so.

CORS protocol and HTTP caches

If CORS protocol requirements are more complicated than setting `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` to * or a static origin, `Vary` is to be used. [HTML] [HTTP] [HTTP-SEMANTICS] [HTTP-COND] [HTTP-CACHING] [HTTP-AUTH]

Vary: Origin

In particular, consider what happens if `Vary` is not used and a server is configured to send `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` for a certain resource only in response to a CORS request. When a user agent receives a response to a non-CORS request for that resource (for example, as the result of a navigation request), the response will lack `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` and the user agent will cache that response. Then, if the user agent subsequently encounters a CORS request for the resource, it will use that cached response from the previous non-CORS request, without `Access-Control-Allow-Origin`.

But if `Vary: Origin` is used in the same scenario described above, it will cause the user agent to fetch a response that includes `Access-Control-Allow-Origin`, rather than using the cached response from the previous non-CORS request that lacks `Access-Control-Allow-Origin`.

However, if `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` is set to * or a static origin for a particular resource, then configure the server to always send `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` in responses for the resource — for non-CORS requests as well as CORS requests — and do not use `Vary`.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Adam Barth, Adam Lavin, Alan Jeffrey, Alexey Proskuryakov, Andrés Gutiérrez, Andrew Sutherland, Ángel González, Anssi Kostiainen, Arkadiusz Michalski, Arne Johannessen, Arthur Barstow, Axel Rauschmayer, Ben Kelly, Benjamin Gruenbaum, Benjamin Hawkes-Lewis, Bert Bos, Björn Höhrmann, Boris Zbarsky, Brad Hill, Brad Porter, Bryan Smith, Caitlin Potter, Cameron McCormack, Chris Rebert, Clement Pellerin, Collin Jackson, Daniel Robertson, Daniel Veditz, David Håsäther, David Orchard, Dean Jackson, Devdatta Akhawe, Domenic Denicola, Dominic Farolino, Dominique Hazaël-Massieux, Doug Turner, Eero Häkkinen, Ehsan Akhgari, Emily Stark, Eric Lawrence, François Marier, Frank Ellerman, Frederick Hirsch, Gavin Carothers, Glenn Maynard, Graham Klyne, Hal Lockhart, Hallvord R. M. Steen, Harris Hancock, Henri Sivonen, Henry Story, Hiroshige Hayashizaki, Honza Bambas, Ian Hickson, Ilya Grigorik, isonmad, Jake Archibald, James Graham, Janusz Majnert, Jeena Lee, Jeff Carpenter, Jeff Hodges, Jeffrey Yasskin, Jesse M. Heines, Jinho Bang, Jochen Eisinger, Jonas Sicking, Jonathan Kingston, Jonathan Watt, 최종찬 (Jongchan Choi), Jörn Zaefferer, Joseph Pecoraro, Josh Matthews, Julian Krispel-Samsel, Julian Reschke, 송정기 (Jungkee Song), Jussi Kalliokoski, Jxck, Keith Yeung, Kenji Baheux, Lachlan Hunt, Larry Masinter, Liam Brummitt, Louis Ryan, Lucas Gonze, Łukasz Anforowicz, 呂康豪 (Kang-Hao Lu), Maciej Stachowiak, Malisa, Manfred Stock, Manish Goregaokar, Marc Silbey, Marcos Caceres, Marijn Kruisselbrink, Mark Nottingham, Mark S. Miller, Martin Dürst, Martin Thomson, Matt Andrews, Matt Falkenhagen, Matt Oshry, Matt Seddon, Matt Womer, Mhano Harkness, Michael Kohler, Michael™ Smith, Mike Pennisi, Mike West, Mohamed Zergaoui, Moritz Kneilmann, Ms2ger, Nico Schlömer, Nikhil Marathe, Nikki Bee, Nikunj Mehta, Odin Hørthe Omdal, Ondřej Žára, Philip Jägenstedt, R. Auburn, Raphael Kubo da Costa, Ryan Sleevi, Rory Hewitt, Sébastien Cevey, Sendil Kumar N, Shao-xuan Kang, Sharath Udupa, Shivakumar Jagalur Matt, Sigbjørn Finne, Simon Pieters, Simon Sapin, Srirama Chandra Sekhar Mogali, Steven Salat, Sunava Dutta, Surya Ismail, 吉野剛史 (Takeshi Yoshino), Thomas Roessler, Thomas Wisniewski, Tiancheng "Timothy" Gu, Tobie Langel, Tom Schuster, Tomás Aparicio, 保呂毅 (Tsuyoshi Horo), Tyler Close, Vignesh Shanmugam, Vladimir Dzhuvinov, Wayne Carr, Xabier Rodríguez, Yehuda Katz, Yoav Weiss, Youenn Fablet, 平野裕 (Yutaka Hirano), and Zhenbin Xu for being awesome.

This standard is written by Anne van Kesteren (Mozilla, annevk@annevk.nl).

Copyright © 2018 WHATWG (Apple, Google, Mozilla, Microsoft). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Index

Terms defined by this specification

Terms defined by reference

References

Normative References

[ABNF]
D. Crocker, Ed.; P. Overell. Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF. January 2008. Internet Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5234
[CLIENT-HINTS]
Ilya Grigorik. HTTP Client Hints. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-client-hints
[COOKIES]
A. Barth. HTTP State Management Mechanism. April 2011. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6265
[CSP]
Mike West. Content Security Policy Level 3. URL: https://w3c.github.io/webappsec-csp/
[DOM]
Anne van Kesteren. DOM Standard. Living Standard. URL: https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/
[ENCODING]
Anne van Kesteren. Encoding Standard. Living Standard. URL: https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/
[FILEAPI]
Marijn Kruisselbrink. File API. URL: https://w3c.github.io/FileAPI/
[HSTS]
J. Hodges; C. Jackson; A. Barth. HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS). November 2012. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6797
[HTML]
Anne van Kesteren; et al. HTML Standard. Living Standard. URL: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/
[HTTP]
R. Fielding, Ed.; J. Reschke, Ed.. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing. June 2014. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230
[HTTP-AUTH]
R. Fielding, Ed.; J. Reschke, Ed.. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Authentication. June 2014. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7235
[HTTP-CACHING]
R. Fielding, Ed.; M. Nottingham, Ed.; J. Reschke, Ed.. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Caching. June 2014. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234
[HTTP-COND]
R. Fielding, Ed.; J. Reschke, Ed.. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Conditional Requests. June 2014. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232
[HTTP-SEMANTICS]
R. Fielding, Ed.; J. Reschke, Ed.. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content. June 2014. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231
[INFRA]
Anne van Kesteren; Domenic Denicola. Infra Standard. Living Standard. URL: https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/
[MIMESNIFF]
Gordon P. Hemsley. MIME Sniffing Standard. Living Standard. URL: https://mimesniff.spec.whatwg.org/
[MIX]
Mike West. Mixed Content. URL: https://w3c.github.io/webappsec-mixed-content/
[REFERRER]
Jochen Eisinger; Emily Stark. Referrer Policy. URL: https://w3c.github.io/webappsec-referrer-policy/
[RFC4648]
S. Josefsson. The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings. October 2006. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648
[RFC7578]
L. Masinter. Returning Values from Forms: multipart/form-data. July 2015. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578
[SRI]
Devdatta Akhawe; et al. Subresource Integrity. URL: https://w3c.github.io/webappsec-subresource-integrity/
[STREAMS]
Adam Rice; Domenic Denicola; 吉野剛史 (Takeshi Yoshino). Streams Standard. Living Standard. URL: https://streams.spec.whatwg.org/
[TLS]
T. Dierks; E. Rescorla. The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2. August 2008. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246
[UPGRADE]
Mike West. Upgrade Insecure Requests. URL: https://w3c.github.io/webappsec-upgrade-insecure-requests/
[URL]
Anne van Kesteren. URL Standard. Living Standard. URL: https://url.spec.whatwg.org/
[WEBIDL]
Cameron McCormack; Boris Zbarsky; Tobie Langel. Web IDL. URL: https://heycam.github.io/webidl/
[WSP]
I. Fette; A. Melnikov. The WebSocket Protocol. December 2011. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6455
[XHR]
Anne van Kesteren. XMLHttpRequest Standard. Living Standard. URL: https://xhr.spec.whatwg.org/

Informative References

[CORS]
Anne van Kesteren. Cross-Origin Resource Sharing. 16 January 2014. REC. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/cors/
[EXPECT-CT]
Emily Stark. Expect-CT Extension for HTTP. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-expect-ct-02
[HTTP-RANGE]
R. Fielding, Ed.; Y. Lafon, Ed.; J. Reschke, Ed.. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Range Requests. June 2014. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233
[HTTPVERBSEC1]
Multiple vendors' web servers enable HTTP TRACE method by default.. URL: https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/867593
[HTTPVERBSEC2]
Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) vulnerable to cross-site scripting via HTTP TRACK method.. URL: https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/288308
[HTTPVERBSEC3]
HTTP proxy default configurations allow arbitrary TCP connections.. URL: https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/150227
[OCSP]
S. Santesson; et al. X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP. June 2013. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6960
[ORIGIN]
A. Barth. The Web Origin Concept. December 2011. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6454
[REPORTING]
Ilya Grigorik; Mike West. Reporting API. URL: https://wicg.github.io/reporting/
[RFC2397]
L. Masinter. The "data" URL scheme. August 1998. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2397

IDL Index

typedef (sequence<sequence<ByteString>> or record<ByteString, ByteString>) HeadersInit;

[Constructor(optional HeadersInit init),
 Exposed=(Window,Worker)]
interface Headers {
  void append(ByteString name, ByteString value);
  void delete(ByteString name);
  ByteString? get(ByteString name);
  boolean has(ByteString name);
  void set(ByteString name, ByteString value);
  iterable<ByteString, ByteString>;
};
typedef (Blob or BufferSource or FormData or URLSearchParams or ReadableStream or USVString) BodyInit;
interface mixin Body {
  readonly attribute ReadableStream? body;
  readonly attribute boolean bodyUsed;
  [NewObject] Promise<ArrayBuffer> arrayBuffer();
  [NewObject] Promise<Blob> blob();
  [NewObject] Promise<FormData> formData();
  [NewObject] Promise<any> json();
  [NewObject] Promise<USVString> text();
};
typedef (Request or USVString) RequestInfo;

[Constructor(RequestInfo input, optional RequestInit init),
 Exposed=(Window,Worker)]
interface Request {
  readonly attribute ByteString method;
  readonly attribute USVString url;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute Headers headers;

  readonly attribute RequestDestination destination;
  readonly attribute USVString referrer;
  readonly attribute ReferrerPolicy referrerPolicy;
  readonly attribute RequestMode mode;
  readonly attribute RequestCredentials credentials;
  readonly attribute RequestCache cache;
  readonly attribute RequestRedirect redirect;
  readonly attribute DOMString integrity;
  readonly attribute boolean keepalive;
  readonly attribute boolean isReloadNavigation;
  readonly attribute AbortSignal signal;

  [NewObject] Request clone();
};
Request includes Body;

dictionary RequestInit {
  ByteString method;
  HeadersInit headers;
  BodyInit? body;
  USVString referrer;
  ReferrerPolicy referrerPolicy;
  RequestMode mode;
  RequestCredentials credentials;
  RequestCache cache;
  RequestRedirect redirect;
  DOMString integrity;
  boolean keepalive;
  AbortSignal? signal;
  any window; // can only be set to null
};

enum RequestDestination { "", "audio", "audioworklet", "document", "embed", "font", "image", "manifest", "object", "paintworklet", "report", "script", "sharedworker", "style",  "track", "video", "worker", "xslt" };
enum RequestMode { "navigate", "same-origin", "no-cors", "cors" };
enum RequestCredentials { "omit", "same-origin", "include" };
enum RequestCache { "default", "no-store", "reload", "no-cache", "force-cache", "only-if-cached" };
enum RequestRedirect { "follow", "error", "manual" };
[Constructor(optional BodyInit? body = null, optional ResponseInit init), Exposed=(Window,Worker)]
interface Response {
  [NewObject] static Response error();
  [NewObject] static Response redirect(USVString url, optional unsigned short status = 302);

  readonly attribute ResponseType type;

  readonly attribute USVString url;
  readonly attribute boolean redirected;
  readonly attribute unsigned short status;
  readonly attribute boolean ok;
  readonly attribute ByteString statusText;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute Headers headers;
  readonly attribute Promise<Headers> trailer;

  [NewObject] Response clone();
};
Response includes Body;

dictionary ResponseInit {
  unsigned short status = 200;
  ByteString statusText = "OK";
  HeadersInit headers;
};

enum ResponseType { "basic", "cors", "default", "error", "opaque", "opaqueredirect" };
partial interface mixin WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope {
  [NewObject] Promise<Response> fetch(RequestInfo input, optional RequestInit init);
};